Corporate and global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate and global strategy - Essay Example In the first quarter of year 2007, Toyota has been able to sell more number of cars than GM, pushing GM at the second place for the first time (USA Today, 2007). GM is headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and employs about 335,000 people. The brands include Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn and Vauxhall. GM recorded revenues worth $192,604 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005. GM also owns equity partnerships in some regional subsidiaries and joint ventures like New United Motor Manufacturing (NUMMI), Suzuki Motor Corporation, Isuzu Motors, Shanghai GM, SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company and CAMI Automotive (Datamonitor, 2006). The car market has indeed become very competitive, with major players like GM, Ford, Toyota, Audi, BMW, VW etc. vying for the international market, besides a number of local players in the car market. With technology playing a major role in advancements of the features in a car, ICT helping in making the care more intelligent, marketing communication techniques have started playing a major role in convincing the customer. General Motors has also outlined plans for ICT needs of its cares and the company has signed deals worth $15bn (Â £8.5bn) for the next five years with IBM, HP, EDS, Capgemini, Compuware Covisint and Wipro (Brown, 2006). General Motors has also unveiled E-Flex electric architecture, configured with GMs newest, most efficient hydrogen fuel cell system to date, at the recently held Shanghai Auto Show (GM, 2007). Company believes that the fuel cell technology has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the internal combustion engine - in size, performance, du rability and cost. Internationalization provides an opportunity for the company to plan out moves for a wider spectrum of customer base. Strategic decisions are concerned with the issue of setting a direction for the

Desert Food Web Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desert Food Web - Assignment Example Plants such as brittlebushes, creosote bush, bur sage, catclaw, mesquite, rabbit brushes, lyceums, and jujube are abundant in deserts and these are the primary producers in this biome. The primary consumers include rabbits, kangaroo rats, grasshoppers, and ants, etc. The secondary consumers include lizards, snakes, and birds such as burrowing owls and mammals such as bats (craigmarlatt.com). Further, the energy passes on to the tertiary consumers such as the mountain lion, hawks, coyote and the scavengers. In recent decades, human impact on most of the biomes is well recorded. Even with the extreme climatic conditions, today desert dwellers make up about one percent of the world population. As a result of this, there is exploitation of several natural resources and even extinction of species. Human interferences can be seen in the form of agricultural activities, construction, oil and mineral exploitation, roads and transportation, etc. Agriculture demands water supply and the digging of wells has caused the groundwater table to drop in several desert regions. Oil and minerals exploitation takes several million years for its replenishment. There are hardly any regions of the world where humans have not made any changes or human impact is not visible. Desert landscapes have also been changed such as way that desert has turned green with the farmers using irrigation from underground sources as well as rivers. Inland waterways and pipes fetch water from remote rivers to these farms and the manmade vegetation is making use of the abundant mineral source for growth. Further, the oil and mining business support the construction of roads and infrastructures development. Residential apartments for workers and staffs and the air pollution through vehicles have also increased tremendously. Together with the agricultural activities, the increased grazing also posed a threat to the natural desert biomes.  

How To Build And Maintain Stakeholder Relationships Management Essay

How To Build And Maintain Stakeholder Relationships Management Essay Organizations change constantly, a projects stakeholder set will change as stakeholder change roles within the organization, move into different roles or leave the organization to take up roles in other organizations. For whatever reason, the ability of individual stakeholder to influence the project may increase or decrease. Most project management methodologies define ways to identify project stakeholder, and then base their entire communications strategies on this initial, and only, identification. Many projects fail because stakeholders do not continue to support the vision or objectives of the project. In many cases this is because the team does not recognize changes in the relative power or position of key stakeholder and fails to make appropriate adjustments in their stakeholder management activities. This study reported upon in this paper is focused on support for project managers in building and maintaining relationships with project stakeholder. This is accomplished through using a practical methodology that allows the project team to identify and priorities the projects stakeholder and then stakeholders needs of the project to develop an appropriate relationship management strategy. The underlying assumption for this research is the stakeholder management is extremely difficult, the project manager and his/her project team members must identify, engage and sustain relationships with a diverse set of groups and individuals (including themselves) who can impact the project in many ways. HOW TO BUILD AND MAINTAIN STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS GOTTA QUIRK (1999 2012): Communication and trust is the main source for creating a lasting relationship between stakeholders. Through effective communications and building trusting relationships, organizations should be committed to ensure that all stakeholders are involved in shaping the decisions of organizations in a meaningful manner. The commitment to actively build and maintain long-term relationships with stakeholders is based on two fundamental guiding principles communication and trust.   These two principles shape the development of stakeholder relations philosophy which includes: ENMAX Corporation (2012): Encouraging stakeholder participation in the decision-making process Providing timely information Open, and honest communication Listening to stakeholder concerns Respecting diverse opinions Seeking mutually beneficial solutions Learning from each other Moreover, stakeholder relationships that are unmanaged or mismanaged have a number of less than favorable consequences for companies. These include unnecessary expenses, and a lack of buy-in to processes and initiatives aimed at transforming the company. However, stakeholder management is a difficult undertaking for organizations because it requires investment and commitment to a long term structured process. While there are a number of efficient information management tools available through marketing, it is important to start with the big picture who are we going to be speaking to and how? BY IDENTIFYING THE STAKEHOLDERS Particularly in larger organizations, this process is a critical one because the network of stakeholders with an investment or interest in a business is broader than we would originally have imagined. Consider that likely stakeholders include the board, management, other employees, customers, suppliers and the community within which we operate. It is important when making this list that we gather and collate as much information as possible about the individuals and groups on it. This will enable us to start thinking through appropriate and targeted communication with them. BY PRIORITIZING THE STAKEHOLDER However noble our intentions regarding stakeholder relationship management are, there unfortunately have to be some individuals and group whos needs are more important and who require prioritization if we intend maintaining their support. While this sucks for the interns, the chairman of organizational board will be pleased to know that you have his best interests at heart. Prioritizing begins with segmenting a list into groups and then listing them in order of importance. This process needs to be completed with the organizational goals and the level of stakeholder information in mind. Ultimately, this will ensure personalization and consistency across communication channels at a later point in the process. BY UNDERSTANDING THEIR NEEDS Stakeholders require consistent and regular communication and service. However, their individual distinctiveness requires that this communication be personalized and targeted. This is difficult enough in the corner store but is universally impossible across larger organizations; the number of individuals is just too great. The next thing is to understand each group. A key part of this is to know what information they have, how accurate it is, how it aligns with the organizational goals and what information they need. This should align with the process of prioritization, with the groups at the bottom needing the least amount of information and the groups at the top needing the most. BY BUILDING TRUSTIN RELATIONSHIPS Collaborative partnerships depend on trust. Partners must communicate effectively and resolve conflicts, especially about sensitive issues like distribution of rewards and the involvement of host organizations the in laws. As in any relationship, attention must be given to renewing the relationship and sustaining the commitment of the partners by building and maintaining support of the parent organization, evaluating progress and celebrating success. BY ENCOURAGING THE STAKEHOLDERS This is the act of giving someone support, confidence, or hope that it is well even though they do not see it. When we encourage our stakeholders, it makes them feel the company do have plans for them and that would make them hold on. BY SATISFYING THE STAKEHOLDERS Satisfaction is important in maintaining a good relationship because when one is not satisfied, they would always look for a place where they would be satisfied. Even the study of economics makes us to understand that man is insatiable. So as a company, lets look for a way to satisfy the stakeholders needs. BY ENGAGING WITH THE STAKEHOLDERS Now the easy part is over and you actually have to find an innovative and efficient manner in which to communicate with these stakeholders. Whatever tactics you use, it is helpful to have a communication plan in place so that the process runs smoothly without negatively impacting on productivity. Using a collaborative software package could be the answer, particularly if you want to keep a specific group up to date about a specific project. Regular status reports are useful and email newsletters are very effective for those individuals who are not privy to sensitive information. Going one step further, these can be divided into an internal and an external newsletter; the first being only for staff and the second for clients and interested parties. For small groups and occasionally large ones, meetings are a good way to get a message across and invite buy in and feedback. Remember that in order to be effective, this engagement should be two-way. Stakeholders need a forum to air concer ns and grievances while having the comfort of knowing they will get a response. Neglecting this element of communication is bound to undermine the ultimate goals of your organization. Regardless of tactics though, the important part of this aspect of the process is to understand and manage stakeholder expectations. The stakeholders need to know when to expect communication and what sort of communication to expect. MONITORING THE ENGAGEMENT EFFORTS There is little point in engagement with the stakeholders if it is perceived to be token or ineffectual. While its admirable that you are trying, this lack of efficacy is not going to encourage buy-in and may undermine your company, particularly if the negativity spreads. It is thus important to track and monitor your efforts and gauge the response to them. Speak to individuals directly, encourage feedback and through email tracking assess whether people are reading the information that are been disseminated. Tweak your efforts accordingly. Part of this is keeping a finger on the pulse of the companys reputation which is also important. Conduct surveys if necessary and establish who thinks what and why. Knowing what the perception is will go a long way toward finding the necessary means to turn it around. ISSUES THAT MAY AFFECT STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS AND THE POSSIBLE AREAS OF CONFLICT CIM (1998): The issues that may affect relationships are likewise the same as the areas of conflict, and this is certainly the opposite of the factors that builds relationship. For example, when a stakeholders interest in an organization is different from that of other stakeholders group, this may affect the relationship between stakeholders or cause conflict to an extent. Another example is trust, when there is no trust in an organization; it could also affect a relationship or cause conflict. Also consider when there is no: Control mutuality (think mutual control) the degree to which parties agree on who has the rightful power to influence one another. Trust one partys level of confidence in and willingness to open ones self to the other party. Commitment The extent to which each party believes and feels that the relationship is worth spending energy to maintain and promote. Satisfaction The extent to which each party feels favorably toward the other because positive expectations about the relationship are reinforced. Exchange relationships In an exchange relationship, one party gives benefits to the other only because the other has provided benefits in the past or is expected to do so in the future. Communal relationships In a communal relationship, both parties provide benefits to the other because they are concerned for the welfare of the other even if they get nothing in return. STRENGTHENING AND RESOLVING CONFLICT IN RELATIONSHIPS ASSESS THE STRENGTH OF THE RELATIONSHIP The first thing is to survey the stakeholder group using some variant of the questionnaire, this will reveal how weak or strong the relationship is and where it is weak or strong. For example, in one project I did, we learned the organization had excellent scores with all stakeholder groups on all but one of these six factors. So improving stakeholder relationships in that case was a matter of focusing on that one factor. BUILD STAKEHOLDERS TRUST IN THE ORGANIZATION Consistently treat stakeholders fairly. Whenever the organization makes important decisions take stakeholder opinions into account and otherwise demonstrate concern for stakeholders. Keep organizational promises. Demonstrate competence by doing what was proposed.   PAY ATTENTION AND RESPOND TO WHAT STAKEHOLDERS SAY AND DO Demonstrate the belief that stakeholder opinions are legitimate by responding to them. Give stakeholders a say in the organizations decision-making process, especially in those areas that affect the stakeholder group. DEMONSTRATE COMMITMENT TO STAKEHOLDERS Show stakeholders that the organization wants to maintain a long-term relationship with them. Engage stakeholders to build loyalty to the organization. SATISFY STAKEHOLDERS Identify and enhance the ways stakeholders benefit from their association with the organization. Make interacting with the organization a delightful experience. Make stakeholders feel they are important to the organization. MOVE BEYOND AN EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP TO A COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP As noted above, exchange relationships are those in which two parties in a relationship expect a benefit in return for a benefit tit for tat. These relationships are the basis of most for-profit businesses. That is, a customer expects a certain quality product in exchange for the money he/she spends, and the organization expects the money in return for the product. Employees expect pay, benefits and a sense of fulfillment and organizations expect work and engagement.   A communal relationship goes beyond that. One party in the relationship believes the other will give benefits with no expectation of a return. An example of this is corporate social responsibility programs, such as when a bank goes beyond the basic business exchange to give back to the community by supporting programs that benefit neighborhoods.  Some argue that this corporate giving is not really selfless in that the organization expects good will in return for the benefit it bestows on the community. And this may be. Nevertheless, when a stakeholder believes an organization helps people without expecting anything in return, the relationship is at a different level than if the stakeholder believes the organization only trades benefit for benefit. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND REVIEWING DIY Committee Guide (2012) Both research and common sense support the notion that we need to monitor the performance of stakeholder on an ongoing basis. If we are ever to know how we are doing, the management committee should use reports against its annual operational plans to review progress towards meeting the strategic aims and objectives. Therefore, they must ensure that whoever is doing the work is keeping appropriate records so that progress can be assessed. This will involve, at the implementation stage of the plan, being clear what systems and structures are required. The things you decide to measure will give an indication of how well youre doing, hence, the name indication or performance measures. Before completing your plan, you need to agree how and when it will be monitored and reviewed and what information the Management Committee needs to receive in order to review progress. When reviewing progress towards achieving the strategic aims and objectives, the Management Committee should: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ensure that activities are kept within the parameters of the agreed strategic aims and objectives; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ensure that activities are consistent with organizations vision, mission and values; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢keep under review internal and external changes which may require changes to the organizations strategy or affect their ability to achieve their objectives. GETTING FEEDBACKS The quality of a partnership can be analyzed by getting feedback from the stakeholders through questionnaires or interviews CONCLUSION In closing, Id like to re-emphasize the importance of assessing the strength of the relationship at the outset. That there are six factors to manage when building relationships is a great insight. But to manage we must be able to measure. This tells us not only where to focus our efforts but also whether we have succeeded.

The Creek Indians :: American America History

The Creek Indians Location and Background The early English traders gave the Creek native Americans their name because they usually built their villages on or near creeks or rivers. If they were to still have their villages it would include areas of Northern Florida and Eastern Louisiana and Southern Tennessee. The majority of the villages were located along the banks of the Coosa, Tallaposa, Flint, Ocmulgee, and Chattachoochee rivers. The native word for the most powerful band of Creeks was the "Muskogees". The Creek native Americans were the most powerful and widespread tribe of the Southeast culture area. It was also thought that the Creeks were long lost ancestors of the Mound Builders. Villages "The Chief of The Creek village or tribe was called an amirco, but he was not the absolute ruler." His job in the village included making important decisions.Once he made a decision many town criers would go out to announce the it to other tribes within the Creek. The Creeks were agricultural, but war like. The number of Creeks at one time was 30,000. The villages were separated into two red and white. Red towns had warriors who launched raids far and wide for purposes of honor and revenge. Red Creeks usually held war dances often to protect them selves in battle. Within the white towns lived most of the peace makers who kept track of alliances and gave sanctuary to refugees or poor people. White Creeks held ceremonies such as the signing of treaties or alliances. Each village had a town square at its center with seats where spectators could sit.The town square was used for ceremonies and games. Each village had a circular town house with clay walls and a cone shaped bark roof about 25 feet high. This was a ceremonial lodge and was also used for shelter for the homeless. Some town houses were smaller with a slanted bark roof only about 10 feet high. The most common house had a slanted bark roof with the roof about 7 feet high these were used for individual families, it held about, four to five people in it.. Each family had a summer and winter house both were packed with mud. The summer house was often used as a guest house for when visitors came to visit. They also owned their own granary which was half open and they also had a warehouse which was open on all four sides similar to a chickee.

Study on Ht Dna

A PROJECT REPORT ON PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS. AT Bennett, Coleman & Co Ltd. The Times of India BY SAAD BHATI ROLL NO-P11014 PGDBM 3RD SEMISTER FOR POST GRADUATION DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT- MARKETING BATCH 2011-2013 CENTRE FOR MANAGEMENT – PGBDM BANDRA, MUMBAI – 400050 DECLARATION I Saad Bhati student of PGDBM – Marketing (Semester II) at Centre for Management hereby declare that this Project entitled â€Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. has been carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. .Roque rodrigues and Ms krupal Valia as per the norms prescribed by the University .And that I have not engaged in plagiarism of any kind from published / non published works. I further declare that the information presented in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge. DATE: PLACE: Mumbai ( SAAD BHATI ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With deep satisfaction and immense pleasure I am presenting this report on †Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. This survey process could not have been successful without the motivation provided by the employees at Times of India, Mumbai CST office. It is my proud privilege to have got an pportunity to work with an esteemed organization like Times of India. The encouraging work environment and culture has enabled my learning. They were always ready to provide constant support and give their intellectual inputs to guide me through this enriching endeavor. I would like to thank them for the keen interest they have taken in clarifying all the concepts and the underlying fundamentals. At the onset I would like to express deep heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Vikesh Walia (Vice President TOI) for giving me an opportunity to work on this project in Times of India.I would like to thank Mr. Sunil Gore (Associate Vice President TOI) for providing me with suggestions and help when required. I devote my special and sincere thanks to Mr Roque Rodrigu es & Ms Krupal Valia for providing me the guidance and valuable advice, without whose constant support and feedback this project would have been a mere idea without a form or content. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the TOI staff, Mumbai CST office who helped me by giving the moral support to accomplish the project successfully. I extend my sincere thanks to Prof.Neelam Mathur (Mentor), all the faculty members whose guidelines helped me in the completion of this report. Last but not least I would like to thank all those who were involved directly or indirectly in the completion of the project. Working at Times of India has been the most pleasurable experience and has also been a great learning experience. Thank You CERTIFICATE TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. | TOPIC| Page No. | | Acknowledgement| | | Contents| | | Executive Summary| | | Introduction| | | Industry Profile| | | Company Profile| | | History| | | Objective Of The Project| | | Research Methodology| | Analysis & Interpretation| | | Findings| | | Conclusion| | | Recommendations| | | Annexure| | | Bibliography| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project deals with the profiles of readers of Hindustan times and DNA . To understand the psyche of DNA and HT’s exclusive readers. The project focuses on the class of HT / DNA’s reader’s & their reading habits. The project also helps us to understand why they are subscribing to HT/DNA. It also helps us know the reason for which the subscribers are switching over to other newspapers like and what plan of action should be undertaken to compete in the newspaper industry.The research design implemented in this project is – (a) Research Approach – Exploratory Research. (b) Sampling Method – Non-Probability Sampling. (c) Sample Size – 200 responses of English newspaper readers in Mumbai, of which 100 are DNA readers & 100 are HT readers. (d) Research Methodology – Interview person on one to one basis using st ructured questionnaire. INTRODUCTION Every person normally starts his day by reading the Newspaper in the morning. In these modern days; instead of having many other options like 24Ãâ€"7 News Channels, Online news, Mobile updates etc.The importance of the newspaper is not yet changed in the life of people. Newspaper always treated as most reliable, analytical, trusted news source but definitely the content of the newspaper has been changed over the period of time. Generally newspaper reading habit in the house starts with the traditional family newspaper. The perception of the reader about newspaper start from writing style, editorial, layout, feel of the newspaper & convenience of reading etc. It does make people to resistant to change their newspaper brand from one to another unlike FMCG product or to replace it with the electronic news.Its take years to cultivate a newspaper brand in to the family. Most of the time the family newspaper or 1st choice newspaper of the family is th e regional newspaper Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati etc. Secondly is the English newspaper. The 1st and the 2nd choice of newspaper normally reflect into their socio economic status. English is an international language. Everybody not only in India but also throughout the world wants to cope with English language. Mumbai, being a metropolitan city & the financial capital of India.Analyst says that, majority people read English in Mumbai but only a few of that majority buy English newsprint of any kind. This study put lights of many of the facts & figures. Today morning’s newspaper publishing is a competitive and became a very complex market. The morning newspapers compete with each other and with other media such as TV, radio, the internet and other on-line services. In order to be competitive in the media landscape of today, morning newspapers need to improve the production and the distribution of newspapers as well as other processes within the newspaper companies.This study has been undertaken to understand the newspaper industry majorly concentrating on Mumbai region analyzing the Three major market players; The Times of India, Hindustan Times & DNA INDUSTRY PROFILE There are varieties of News papers available in Mumbai in all languages like English and Local Languages like Hindi, Marathi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tamil, Gujarati for Daily Samachar and news Updates which are available at lots of News paper stalls and Railway Book store around Mumbai Costing at around 2 to 3 rupees each depend on their cost.You can read all type of news like Political news, Local news, Financial and Economical updates like Rate of Gold, Silver and International Currency rates etc. List of English Newspapers: The Times of India, Economic Times, Financial Express, Indian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Mid-day, DNA, Business-Standards, Hindustan Times and Free Press Journal. List of Hindi Newspapers (Urdu newspapers): Hindi Midday, Tehalka news, Navbharat Times, Humara Mahanagar, Aaj Ka Ana nd, YashoBhoomi, Dopahar, Saamna, Hindmata, Mumbai Sandhya. List of Gujarati Newspapers: Gujarat Samachar, Mumbai Samachar, Divya Bhasker, Sandesh, Guajarati Midday, JanmaBhoomi.List of Marathi Newspapers: Loksatta, Maharashtra Times, Navshakti, Navakal, Vartahar, Saamna (saamana), Sakal, Sandesh, Lokmat, Divyabhaskar, Mumbai Mitra, Navabharat times, Sandhyanand, Punya Nagri, Samrat, Ratnagiri news, Mumbai Chaufer. Other Languages Newspapers: Kanada Times, Karnataka Malla, Udaya, Vani. Market Share of Mumbai English Dailies Analyst says that 3. 5million people read English in Mumbai but only 1. 2 million buy English newsprint of any kind. Mumbai had only six English dailies till 2005. â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA† is an unbeaten king of Mumbai English newspaper market COMPANY PROFILE * |The Times of India (TOI) is an English-language broadsheet newspaper that is widely read throughout India. It has the largest circulation among all English-language newspapers in the world, across all formats (broadsheet, tabloid, compact, Berliner and online). It is owned and managed by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In the year 2008, the newspaper reported that (with a circulation of over 3. 14 million) it was Certified by the Audit Bureau of Circulations as the world's largest selling English-language Daily newspaper, placing as the 8th largest selling newspaper in any language in the world.According to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2010, the Times of India is the most widely read English newspaper in India with a readership of 70. 35  lakhs (7. 035  million). This ranks the Times of India as the top English newspaper in India by readership. According to ComScore, TOI Online is the world's most-visited newspaper website with 159 million page views in May 2009. HISTORY OF â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA† The Times of India came into being on November 3, 1838 and was known as â€Å"The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce†. Initi ally the paper served only the British residents of western India.Published twice a week on every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce contained news from Europe, America and the sub- continent and was circulated between India and Europe via regular steamships. 1838: The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is launched by a British syndicate. 1855: Telegraph service starts in India and the paper signs an agreement with Reuters for â€Å"raising news coverage and lowering subscription rates. † 1861: Paper is renamed The Times of India after it acquires two smaller rival papers. 1902: Paper moves into its current offices opposite Victoria Terminus. 915: Price for the paper is cut from four annas to one anna as new rotary machines increase supply. 1946: Paper becomes Indian-owned and the editorial policy becomes openly nationalist. 1949: Matrimonial ads, known as â€Å"Catches and Hatches,† are introduced. 1950: Paper's crest is changed from th e lion and unicorn symbol of imperial Britain to two elephants, and anew credo – Let Truth Prevail – is adopted. 1991: The Times of India is chosen as one of the world's six greatest newspapers by the BBC. 1996: Timesofindia. com launched. 1997: Mumbai edition carries its first color photograph. 003: Delhi edition becomes the first paper in India to go all-color. The daily circulation of Times of India is more than 2 million Shades of Times of India TOI in Electronic Media A 24 hour English news channel, TIMES NOW has been started couple of years back by a joint venture between Reuters and the Times Group. The company also owns a lifestyle TV channel – Zoom and a radio channel – Radio Mirchi. One of India's leading radio channel – Radio Mirchi is available in Delhi, Mumbai and other important cities of India. Times Group in MerchandisePlanet M:Times Retail with Planet M outlets offer merchandise from music to designer watches, books and cafes. Time s Group Events The Times group organizes a number of fairs and exhibitions time-to-time all over the country. Times Utsav Consumer fairs, Times Ascent Job Fairs and Education Events are the fair and exhibitions organized by the Times group. The Times Group sponsors Miss World and Miss Universe events and played host to a galaxy of stars at the Film fare Awards. The group also organizes The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence or the Brand Equity Quiz. Times Group in Social ServicesThe philanthropic arm of the Times group, the Times Foundation, offers Non-Government Organizations , institutions ; others organizations all over India, a good platform to converge and address the country's developmental needs. TOI on Internet Times Group offers Internet services worldwide that covers everything from art to airlines, knowledge events to telecom and integrated marketing,. The site is visited by millions of users from India and other countries of the world. Websites of Times group are : http://www. timesofindia. com (The Times of India) http://www. economictimes. com (Economic Times) ttp://www. indiatimes. com (India times) http://www. epaper. timesofindia. com (TOI e Paper) http://www. syndication. indiatimes. com (Times Syndication Service) http://www. educationtimes. com (Education Times – A comprehensive education portal) http://www. timesascent. in (Times Ascent – A HR community portal) http://www. timesjobs. com (Times Jobs. com – A job portal) http://www. simplymarry. com (Simply Marry. com – A matrimonial portal) http://www. magicbricks. com (Margi Bricks – A real estate portal) http://www. radiomirchi. com (Radio Mirchi) Products under Times of India Umbrella TOI Sister Publications Economic Times – A Financial daily * Nav bharat Times – Hindi Daily Newspaper * Maharashtra Times – Marathi Daily Newspaper * Mumbai Mirror – Morning newspaper from Mumbai * Femina – Women's magazine p ublished in association with BBC * Filmfare – English Film Magazine published in association with BBC TOI Supplements The Times of India comes with several city-specific supplements, such as Delhi Times, Bombay Times, Lucknow Times, Bangalore Times etc. These city supplements carry entertainment news, gossips, page3 party news, photographs and other lifestyle related happenings in metros and big cities.Other major supplements of TOI include: Times Wellness : Carries health related news and also provides solution of your grievances by experts. Education Times : Education Times is weekly supplement focused towards students and acts as a counselor and advisor for student community. Times Ascent : A weekly supplement Times Ascent seeks to introduce more understanding of Human Resources and corporate life related stories. Also carries the advertisements of various kinds of jobs in India and abroad. Zig wheels: Zig wheels is a supplement related to auto-mobiles and latest developme nt in the industry.Times Property: The weekly supplement has real estate and property news. Times Life : Times life comes once in a week carrying news about life of personalities and famous people. Times Classifieds: Carries advertisements regarding jobs, buy and sell of items etc. Times Matrimonial: Feature marriage advertisement of boys and girls looking for match. Rouge: A weekly supplement Times en Vogue : A weekly supplement Products of Times of India CURRENT SENARIO The Times of India is published by the media group Bennett, Coleman ; Co. Ltd.This company, along with its other group companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes The Economic Times, Mumbai Mirror, Pune Mirror, the Navbharat Times (a Hindi-language daily broadsheet), the Maharashtra Times (a Marathi-language daily broadsheet). The Times is self-declared as a liberal newspaper, and is sometimes described as irreverent. The present management of The Times Group has been instrumental in changing the outlook of Indian journalism. In India, as is elsewhere in the world, the Editor of a newspaper has traditionally been considered as the most notable position in a newspaper set up.The Times of India, however, changed this in the early 1990s, in keeping with the management policy of treating the newspaper as just another brand in the market. The main newspaper and its many sub-editions are now run by editors who are appointed within the ranks and the company gives equal chance to everyone to occupy the editor's seat. The Times Group also places equal focus and importance to every department and function – which has made it a professional entity and ensured its place as the most profitable newspaper in the country. In late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited (VPL).VPL used to publish two Kannada newspapers Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran and an English daily Vijay Times. Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then. In January 2007, the Kannada edition was launched in Bangalore and in April 2008 the Chennai edition was launched. Their main rivals in India are The Hindu and Hindustan Times, which hold second and third position by circulation. There was a serious backlash against the paper's irresponsible coverage following the verdict of Ayodhya disputed land case. This also provoked serious criticism about the paper's poor news standards in Twitter.The Times Group| | | Corporate directors| Indu Jain  Ã‚ · Samir Jain  Ã‚ · Vineet Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain| | | Brand Newspapers, magazines and websites| The Times of India  Ã‚ · The Economic Times  Ã‚ · Maharashtra Times  Ã‚ · Navbharat Times  Ã‚ · Mumbai Mirror  Ã‚ · Pune Mirror  Ã‚ · Kolkata Mirror  Ã‚ · Bangalore Mirror  Ã‚ · The Times of India – Kannada  Ã‚ · Times Private Treaties  Ã‚ · ET Chandigarh   Zig Wheels| | | Times Global Broadcasting| Times Now  Ã‚ · ET Now  Ã‚ · Z oom  Ã‚ · Lead India | | | Times Internet| Indiatimes portal  Ã‚ · TimesofMoney| | | Times Infotainment &Entertainment Network India| Radio Mirchi  Ã‚ · Absolute Radio  Ã‚ · 360 Degrees  Ã‚ · Times Outoors  Ã‚ · Mirchi Movies Limited| | | Times Business Solutions| TBSL  Ã‚ · Times Jobs  Ã‚ · SimplyMarry  Ã‚ · MagicBricks  Ã‚ · Yolist   Ã‚ · Ads2Book  Ã‚ · PeerPower| | | World Wide Media| Filmfare  Ã‚ · Filmfare Awards  Ã‚ · Femina  Ã‚ · Femina Miss India  Ã‚ · Top Gear India  Ã‚ · Hello  Ã‚ · BBC Good Homes  Ã‚ · Femina Hindi  Ã‚ · Grazia  Ã‚ · What to Wear| | | TIML Radio| TIML Radio Limited| HISTORY OF â€Å"DNA† Daily News and Analysis  (DNA) is an Indian  broadsheet  published in the English language from  Mumbai,  Ahmedabad,  Pune,  Jaipur,Bangalore  and  Indore  in  India.The broadsheet was launched in July 2005 and targeted a young readership. DNA is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation, a  jo int venture  between  D B Corp Ltd. (Dainik Bhaskar) and  Essel Group. A high-profile  advertising campaign  with the  tagline, â€Å"Speak up, it’s in your DNA†, preceded the birth of  Daily News and Analysis  in 2005. The situational context into which the publication was introduced was described by the Indian media as tumultuous, with price cuts and competitive activity occurring.In an announcement on the front page of DNA on February 1, 2010, Aditya Sinha,  editor-in-chief, announced that DNA would drop it's â€Å"edit page† a  benchmark  occasion in the newspaper's history. DNA's decision was considered to be a bold action and attracted much criticism in the journalism field. DNA subsequently began providing, where appropriate, expert opinion and  comments  in different pages of the newspaper. In October 2011, as per the MRUC's (Media Research Users Council)Indian Readership Survey (IRS) Round II determined DNA’s total reade rship to be 12. 2 lakh in Mumbai and an average issue readership (AIR), across its six editions, of 8. 24 lakh. IRS also ranked DNA as no. 6th among the Top Ten English Dailies in India. DNA is the second most read English broadsheet in the city of Mumbai. The country’s youngest English newspaper continues to set a scorching pace, registering 86% growth in AIR over the five years since the IRS survey in the second half of 2006, nearly doubling the issue readership from 4. 44 lakh. DNA also has the highest percentage of readers (36. %) in the 30-49 age group in Mumbai among the English dailies, and the second highest percentage of readers who are graduates (52. 2%) or fall in the socio-economic classes A and B (73. 5%). On February 11, 2007, DNA announced that its paid circulation had reached 400,000 in Mumbai. It had previously reached 300,000 in October 2006. In May 2006, DNA authorized Ernst & Young to certify its circulation figures. E & Y submitted its report in July, put ting its paid circulation at 270,000. DNA is currently published from Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad,Jaipur and Indore.DNA has stopped publishing from Surat. The supplement typically contains information about happenings around a certain city, contests, games and puzzles, comics, jokes, recipes, as well as coverage of international issues such as global warming and ill-treatment of animals, children's problems like bullying and heavy homework, various facts and news, and children's contributions such as poems, essays, articles on their life, letters to the editor, and drawings. SUPPLEMENTS OF DNA AFTER HRS DNA AFTER HRS is an entertainment newspaper which covers news about bollywood, page 3 parties and buzz in town. DNA PROPERTYDNA PROPERTY is a weekly supplement it gives details about real estate properties around the country. DNA SPORTS DNA SPORTS is a daily supplement which covers all sports news national as well as international. HISTORY OF â€Å"HINDUSTAN TIMES† Hind ustan Times  (HT) is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the  Indian independence movement of the period (â€Å"Hindustan† being a historical name for  India). It is the flagship publication of  HT Media Ltd. Hindustan Times is one of the largest  newspapers in India, by circulation. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1. million copies as of 2010. The Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2011 revealed that HT  has a readership of (37. 37 lakhs), placing it as the second most widely read English newspaper in India after  The Times of India. It has a wide reach in northern  India, with simultaneous editions from: New Delhi,  Mumbai,  Kolkata,  Lucknow,  Patna,  Ranchi,  Bhopal and  Chandigarh. The print location of  Jaipur  was discontinued from June 2006. HT  launched a youth daily,  HT Next, in 2004. The Mumbai edition was launched on 14 July 2005 and the Kolkata edition w as launched on early 2000.Other sister publications of  Hindustan Times  are  Mint  (English business daily),  Hindustan  (Hindi Daily),  Nandan  (monthly children's magazine) and  Kadambani  (monthly literary magazine). The media group owns a radio channel,  Fever, and organizes an annual Luxury Conference which has featured speakers like designer  Diane von Furstenberg, shoemaker  Christian Louboutin,  Gucci  CEO Robert Polet and  Cartier  MD Patrick Normand. Hindustan Times  is owned by the KK Birla branch of the Birla family. Hindustan Times  was founded in 1924 by  Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the  Akali movement  and the  Shiromani Akali Dal  in  Punjab.S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jalandhar) were made in charge of the newspaper. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and  Master Tara Singh  were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron w as Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri. K. M. Panikkar was its first editor with  Devdas Gandhi  (son of  Mahatma Gandhi) on the editor's panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar,  Delhi  (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from C.F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali,  C. R. Reddy  (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Saifuddin Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. â€Å"Sadar Panikkar launched the Hindustan Times as a serious nationalist newspaper. As an Oxonian, historian, and litterateur, Panikkar must have hoped to make his paper eventually more than an Akali sheet. He became the editor and funds flowed freely from activist Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway.In two years Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up. The paper was saved from an untimely demise when Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi. † – TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, 2007, Viva Books, New Delhi. Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 rupees to acquire the Hindustan Times along with the help of nationalist leaders Lajpat Rai and M. R. Jayakar and industrialist G. D. Birla, who paid most of the cash. Birla took full control of the paper in 1933.The paper continues to be owned by the Birla family. It has its roots in the  Indian independence movement  of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted â€Å"Hindustan Times Contempt Case (August–November, 1941)† at  Allahabad High Court. It was edited at times by many important people in India, includingDevdas Gandhi  and  Khushwant Singh. Sanjoy Narayan, has been appointed the editor in chief of the paper and w as due to take over in August 2008. Recently the editorial page has seen a major makeover and has been named â€Å"comment† to bring in more flexibility and some-what less seriousness to the page.HT MUMBAI EDITION HT Mumbai  has an eight-page daily lifestyle supplement (in tabloid format) called  HT Cafe. It has its education supplement called â€Å"HT Education† on Wednesdays. The paper also comes with a magazine on Sundays called  Brunch. The Mumbai edition is managed by Mohit Ahuja, an alumnus of NMIMS, Bombay. The resident editor in Mumbai is  Soumya Bhattacharya. OWNERSHIP The Delhi-based English daily  Hindustan Times  is part of the KK Birla group and managed by  Shobhana Bhartia, daughter of the industrialist  KK Birla  and granddaughter of  GD Birla.It is owned by  HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group owns a 69 per cent stake in HT Media, currently valued at Rs 834 crore. When Shobhana Bhartia joined  Hindustan Times  in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. Shobhana has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party. Along with  Hindustan Times,  HT Media  owns  Desi martini,  Fever 104 FM, and  Mint (newspaper). HT SUPPLEMENTS HT BRUNCH An exclusive lifestyle magazine, every Sunday. The readers of HT wake up to Brunch every Sunday morning, which is one of best-loved offerings from its stable.In a magazine format and clearly about ‘the good life’, it covers stories around food, fashion, shopping, travel, health & wellness, books & movie reviews, celebrity talk, lifestyle etc. One of the biggest draws of Brunch is the bouquet of columns by prominent journalists like  Vir Sanghvi  (food & travel), Sanjoy Narayan (music) and  Rajiv Makhni  (technology). This universally appealing brand has the core target group vested in upwardly mobile young families, looking for enhancing their lifestyle quotient. HT CAFE The entertainment & lifestyle suppleme nt, every day.The Hindustan Times reader wakes up to a bundle of fun, frolic, entertainment and masala everyday called HT City (in Delhi) and HT Cafe (in Mumbai). One of the strongest drivers of readership, the daily entertainment supplement enjoys almost universal salience and readership. The buzzy daily supplement has redefined lifestyle and entertainment space in newspapers, packing a punch with daily dose of Bollywood, Hollywood, Fashion, Relationship, City and Campus. The supplement offers an array of daily sections catering to different tastes – health & wellness, gadgets, travel, motoring and food.One of the biggest draws of the supplement is the Weekend Planner on Fridays that the young people of Delhi & Mumbai refer to as a guide to living it up in the city. HT EDUCATION Education Supplement, every Wednesday (earlier known as HT Horizons). HT Education offers the much needed guidance and mentorship to the students, which really helps them in choosing the best in educ ation leading to a great career. HT Education is a supplement dedicated to serving the needs of not only student community from 10th to post graduates, but also the parents who are concerned about their child’s future.The supplement is a source of comprehensive info around – career options, admission and scholarship information, college profiles, guidance and expert counseling. It’s a one-stop guide to the students to prepare for their most exciting phase in life. HT ESTATES Real Estate supplement, every Saturday. HT Estates as a supplement partners and corroborates the readers with information that helps them buy or sell their properties. This supplement comes with the newspaper every Saturday. The supplement offers countless options on property buying and selling.Along with that the supplement also enlightens both the buyers and sellers on legal aspects of realty transactions. Specifically for buyers the supplement offers array of information on realty trends, loan rates, etc. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT Title of the Project: â€Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. Objectives of the Study: To understand the psyche & the profile of DNA and HT’s exclusive subscribers Process: * To prepare a list of DNA and HT’s exclusive subscribers (zone wise) * Conduct a survey of 200 readers to understand profile / reading habits / demography / preference. To understand the 5 p’s of DNA/HT subscription schemes. * Compilation and evaluation of the subscriber’s insights and psyche Research Methodology: * Data collection method : Survey * Data Collection : Primary data collection * Data collection tool : Questionnaire * Target group : Exclusive DNA/HT Subscriber’s * Sample size : 200 Areas covered : Mumbai- Urban, suburban, Navi- Mumbai & Thane District. QUESTIONAIREName:-_______________________________ Age:_______ Occupation: -__________________________ Contact no:________________ Area__________ _ Family size____ Email ID:_______________________ Income Group: 1lakh 1-2 lakh 2-3 lakh 1year 1-2years 2-3years

The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment

Madeline Brisbane Buddhism Course Assignment 11/16/11 The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment According to Freedburg, the author of The Power of Images, a figure resembling human form â€Å"enables the reconstitution of life† and makes â€Å"the absent present and the dead alive† (p. 11)1. An image preserves the aura of the person it resembles, and therefore allows for an eternal essence to remain after death. Within the realm of Buddhism, images of the Buddha serve a wide variety of spiritual and practical purposes. For some, keeping a Buddha image in their home is a sign of respect.Others find it comforting and peaceful to look at a Buddha image. In some parts of the world, specifically Southeast Asia, the Buddha image is a symbol of supernatural power and protection, and is essential to the efficacy of rituals. If a ritual fails to succeed in the absence of a Buddha image, then there must be an interdependency between images and ritualistic success. And if an i nterdependency exists, then the entire concept contradicts the Buddha's teaching of non-attachment because the ritual becomes attached to the presence of a Buddha image.Through an analysis of he origins and evolution of the use of Buddha images and relics in Southeast Asia, it would appear that an obsession with the presence of a Buddha image has emerged, conflicting with Buddha's teaching about non-attachment. As the second Noble Truth states, attachment is the origin of suffering. Therefore, to foster an interdependency between images and ritualistic success would go against the most fundamental values of Buddhism.In order to maintain the most basic ideals of Buddhism, the Buddha image must only serve as a reminder of the Buddha's presence rather than s a necessary component of practicing rituals effectively. To image the Buddha is not a modern concept; the Buddha must have always been imagined through stories, myths, and symbols. However, there are many legends surrounding the or igins or the first Buddha image. The most relevant theory regarding the original Buddha image to Southeast Asia is the story of the sandalwood statue.The story appears in many Buddhist texts that emerged over time throughout Asia. Most relevant to Southeast Asia is the Pali text from Sri Lanka recounted in the Kosala-Bimba-Vannana. In ummary, the story claims that after King Pasanedi of Kosala arrived to the Jetavana monastery to visit the Buddha only to find the Buddha away on a Journey, he leaves in disappointment. He returns later and tells the Buddha that to he would like to â€Å"have an image made in the likeness of the Tathagata†¦ for the benefit of the whole world. 2 The Buddha then adds that those who build an image of the Buddha will â€Å"accrue a great, immeasurable, incalculable benefit. â€Å"3 Upon seeing the gilded, yellow- robed statue, with the Buddha's teaching inscribed into the statue, the Buddha xpands on the praiseworthy benefits ot making Buddha image s . These benefits include avoiding rebirth into Buddhist hells; being reborn into wealthy families; and eventually attaining enlightenment. Within the statue, the dharma and the Buddha image are â€Å"cohesively conjoined. 4From this ancient tale, it is clear that the first Buddha image was built based on the kings desire to feel the presence of the Buddha even when he was not physically present. The need to feel the Buddha's presence has survived thousands of years, as many Buddhists still cherish the Buddha image as a reminder of his prevailing presence. Despite the non-theistic nature of early Buddhism, the dedication that followers of the path have to keeping Buddha images around illustrates that they worshipped and continue to worship the Buddha greatly.They cherish the notion of feeling the Buddha's presence at all times. The Theravada branch of Buddhism exemplifies the extent to which the Buddha's presence is valued by followers of the path. As Theravada ascended into South east Asia from Sri Lanka after the eleventh century B. C. E. , vernacular traditions ecame increasingly popular. In nature, Theravada Buddhism worships the historical model of the Buddha as a superhuman capable of miraculous deeds.Relics were therefore treasured as objects of magical power that allowed an â€Å"actual physical connection to the Buddha† because they were either part of the Buddha's body or came into physical contact with it. 5 Because it became impossible to exist in the presence of the Buddha in his physical form after his death, inserting a relic into an image became a way to restore the physical presence of the Buddha. In doing so, he image would supposedly provide protection against evil forces. However, when the Buddha image is revered for its supernatural protective strength, the Buddha image becomes a controversial concept.It seems that the more recent traditions of magical expectation and anticipation associated with Buddha images and relics has caused a shift away from the historical emphasis on the original monastic view of high moral responsibility and spiritual practice. Instead of following one's own karmic duties of doing good in order to receive good or trusting one's own ability to practice ituals successfully the old-fashioned way, the presence of the Buddha image during ritual has turned into a necessity for many Buddhists.If the presence of a Buddha image is necessary for rituals to work properly, then there has to an interdependency between the Buddha image and ritualistic success. Western scholar Donald Swearer, author of Becoming the Buddha, argues that â€Å"the Buddha must be†¦ present for the ritual to be efficacious for the dhamma to flourish, and for the sangha to prosper. † Moreover, scholar David Eckel makes the point that â€Å"people experience mental nguish when they cannot see the Buddha. 6 Wouldn't the creation of images therefore foster an attachment between humans and objects?This correlat ion between the Buddha image and the effectiveness of rituals, the dharma, and the sangha makes the Buddha image a very powerful entity. There is even an association between kings and material symbols of the Buddha, particularly relics and images. There is a Thai custom of swearing allegiance to the king in front of the Emerald Buddha image; the Buddha image can therefore be seen as a symbol of power and not Just a representation of the Buddha. Furthermore, the Buddha image is presently interpreted as a sign of respect and a way for devotees to make merit; â€Å"the Buddha's field of merit is operative†¦ hrough his continued post-Nibbana presence in his relics and images. â€Å"7 It Buddha images currently tunction as a means to validate the effectiveness of rituals and to make merit, then there is an undeniable interdependency between the Buddha image and the success of rituals as an expression of religious devotion, and therefore an attachment between the two. Due to the fa ct that non-attachment is one of the most fundamental values established ithin Buddhism, to classify the Buddha image as a necessity would be to diverge from Buddhism altogether.In simpler terms, to be dependent on the Buddha image is to form an attachment with it, and to form an attachment is to defy the basic ideals of Buddhism. Thus, the evolution of the Buddha image as a means of preserving the Buddha's presence into an entity that is necessary for the proper execution of rituals and spiritual success, then we can no longer categorize this concept as an appropriate element of Buddhism. The Four Noble truths are the essence of the Buddhist path, and to defy them is to defy Buddhism altogether.

Free Essays on Mencius

We are all affected by our surroundings and experiences, as these are the fundamental building blocks on which we perceive our world. It is not surprising, then, that two of Confucius f most distinguished followers, Mencius and Xunzi, hold two very different views on Human Nature. Although the Confucian philosopher Mencius did not live during a particularly peaceful era in Chinese historyhe was a traveling advisor during the Warring States period, lasting from 403 until 221 BCEthe time during which Xunzi (a member of the following generation of Confucian scholars) lived was much darker and bloodier as he witnessed the wars leading up to the Qin dynasties conquest in the late third century which where  galmost indescribably brutal [as] the intrigues surrounding them [were] often intensely bitter. h While Confucian never saw the need to make his thoughts on the character of human nature unambiguously clear, insisting that  gby nature men are very much the same, [and that] it is through practice that they drift apart, h his followers, Mencius and Xunzi, have addressed the question much more clearly. The former believed that man was predisposed to good, and if some individuals wandered from the right path and turned to evil, it was because external influences has  gperverted their hearts. h He maintained that there exists a natural tendency for goodness, as inevitable as the natural tendency of water to flow downward, (Mencius, 6A.3) and that human beings gain a natural sense of pleasure from acting morally. He puts much greater emphasis on the innate goodness of human nature, which he insists is the gift of Heaven to each and every man. Also Mencius tries to  grecall and enlarge the Confucian idea of ren, or humaneness and the principle of yi, or rightness. h Xunzi on the other hand insists that Human Nature is inherently evil. He thought; people's natural tendencies are corrupt, and moral education runs against t... Free Essays on Mencius Free Essays on Mencius The ideas and theories that both Mencius and Hzun Tzu held entailed to whether or not man’s nature was good or evil. Mencius claimed that human nature was naturally good. Man was born innocent and naà ¯ve and it was only through time, war and experience that man became corrupt. However, Hzun Tzu felt that human nature from birth was stained with corruption and full of evil and selfishness. Mencius and Hzun Tzu’s attitudes towards human nature were equally debatable and controversial. These two great philosophers equally contributed to Confucianism and were both prominent founders of the Confucian belief. Mencius’ view on man and his nature were moralistic whereas Hzun Tzu’s view encompassed a more legalistic world (Liu, 2002). Hzun Tzu approached man through an authoritative manner where a ruling governor would discipline the people. Mencius felt it necessary to leave decisions as well as choices to the people; he felt whatever morals and value s they have learned would aid in the process of proper decision-making. Each philosopher has their own distinct belief as to the thought of human nature those of Mencius and Hzun Tzu although somewhat concrete in his own opinion and seemingly believable oppose and contradict one another. Hzun-Tzu believed that man was by nature evil. Unlike Mencius, he had little faith in humanity and did not feel that man could be depended on whereas Mencius felt that good is found in humanity and man’s mind is ultimately good (Shun, 2000). Hzun Tzu felt that man was born evil and it would only be through education and study that a mind at ease could emerge. Mencius had an extremely contrasting theory; he felt that the mind was innocent and that only man could destroy what was pure. The ideals of Hzun Tzu oppose the doctrines thought and taught by the Confucius faith. Confucian believers are to believe that man is good and by no means evil or bad. The Book of Mencius mentions how if ... Free Essays on Mencius We are all affected by our surroundings and experiences, as these are the fundamental building blocks on which we perceive our world. It is not surprising, then, that two of Confucius f most distinguished followers, Mencius and Xunzi, hold two very different views on Human Nature. Although the Confucian philosopher Mencius did not live during a particularly peaceful era in Chinese historyhe was a traveling advisor during the Warring States period, lasting from 403 until 221 BCEthe time during which Xunzi (a member of the following generation of Confucian scholars) lived was much darker and bloodier as he witnessed the wars leading up to the Qin dynasties conquest in the late third century which where  galmost indescribably brutal [as] the intrigues surrounding them [were] often intensely bitter. h While Confucian never saw the need to make his thoughts on the character of human nature unambiguously clear, insisting that  gby nature men are very much the same, [and that] it is through practice that they drift apart, h his followers, Mencius and Xunzi, have addressed the question much more clearly. The former believed that man was predisposed to good, and if some individuals wandered from the right path and turned to evil, it was because external influences has  gperverted their hearts. h He maintained that there exists a natural tendency for goodness, as inevitable as the natural tendency of water to flow downward, (Mencius, 6A.3) and that human beings gain a natural sense of pleasure from acting morally. He puts much greater emphasis on the innate goodness of human nature, which he insists is the gift of Heaven to each and every man. Also Mencius tries to  grecall and enlarge the Confucian idea of ren, or humaneness and the principle of yi, or rightness. h Xunzi on the other hand insists that Human Nature is inherently evil. He thought; people's natural tendencies are corrupt, and moral education runs against t...

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buy custom Police Department Organization essay In United Sates of America, Police are also called the law enforcers. Law enforcement, courts and corrections are the three main independent components of the criminal justice system in USA. The purpose of policing is to maintain order and service functions, investigate supposed criminal activity and passing on the suspected criminals to the courts for trial. In case of an emergency, police offer first response, protect public officials and maintain public safety. There are various types of police agencies at local, state and federal level. Maguire, E. R. (2003). Police agencies at local level are those found within a City or a County. They consist of Local police department, County police, Sheriffs department, Municipal police department and Puerto Rico police department. Local police department are the police found within a City level. Their role is to provide police services in a city. Their jurisdiction may differ according to various categories; at full service, they provide police services to the entire city and the country. At limited service, its jurisdiction is only limited to the city. County police are also called boroughs or parishes. County police are found in metropolitan counties only. Their role is to provide police services to the whole county. At full service, they provide services to the whole county irrespective of local communities. At Limited service, their jurisdiction is limited o the county and at restricted service category, it provides police services to facilities and parks owned by the county. Sheriffs departments have sheriffs who are responsible for the security of the county. In Counties where there are county police, local sheriff is not the exclusive law enforcement agency but in counties that have no county police, mostly the non-metropolitan counties, local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency. Its jurisdiction depends on the following categories; at full service, sheriffs act as law enforcers, perform countrywide patrol and investigations. At limited service, law enforcement, patrol and investigations are only limited to the county. A restricted service, sheriffs are involved services related to court such; guarding county jails, transporting prisoners, provision of courthouse security, conducts auction sales of real property and seizures of chattel property. Miller, F. P., Vandome A. F., McBrewster, J.(2010) Municipal police are the marshals and the Municipality Police department such as New York Police department, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police department among others. Officers are mandated to offer their services to the municipalities and their jurisdiction is only limited within a municipality. Puerto Rico Police Department provides police services to Puerto Ricans. This is an island whose possession was taken over by United States of America in July 1898. Police agencies at the state level are called State Police, Highway Patrol or State Patrol. This is a government agency found within a state whose purpose is to provide law enforcement duties, conduct patrols and investigations within the boundaries of its state. Such agencies are usually a part of the state Department of Public Safety. Various Departments of State government agencies usually have their own enforcement division such as Campus Police, State Hospitals, Game Wardens, Capitol Police Departments of Correction and Department of Revenue. Police agencies at the federal level include the Federal police. Federal police have the full federal authority as delegated by the United States Code. Federal Law Enforcement Officers enforces laws at federal level. Both agencies have the jurisdiction to enforce federal law all over the United States. The Federal is made up of several departments. Department of Justice is mandated to enforce law at federal level. It consist of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ,the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) , the United States Marshalls Service (USMS), the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) among others. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which was created in 2002, has some agencies that report to it. They include; U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), United States Secret Service (USSS), which protects the president and vice president of United States and their families, the dignitaries and investigation of coun terfeiting crimes, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), includes Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO) who deals with interior immigration enforcement issues and Homeland Security Investigations (HIS) formed after the merger of special agents from the former United States Immigration and Naturalization Service and United States Customs Service. There is the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG). The United Sates Customs and Border Protection (CBP) includes United States Border Patrol (USBP) responsible for the U.S international border between United States Ports of Entry, the Customs and Border Protection office of Air and Marine responsible for law enforcement at United States Ports of Entry such as airports, land border points and seaports. Federal Protective Service (FPS) is mandated to enforce law in federal buildings and properties. United States Federal Protective Service is composed of several police agencies and is mandated to provide its services in scenarios where a crime or a disaster affects large number of United States nationals. Unites States National Guard are the military. They are constitution gives it the power to deal with foreign and interstate affairs. Major Organization theories associated with policing include the contingency theory and institutional theory. Contingency theory proposes that the task environment of an organization i.e., its age, size, community characteristics and technology determines its structure and activities. Institutional theory proposes that the structure and activity of an organization are variable responses of its institutional environment e.g. sources of funds and region and external entities such as civilian review boards or unions which can exercise influence over it. These theories usually compete. Wilson, J. M. (2005) Buy custom Police Department Organization essay

Bureaucracy in the Philippines - Book Review

Book Review The Bureaucracy in the Philippines Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz - Institute of Public Administration: University of the Philippines, 1957. 268 pp. This book is about the administrative history of the bureaucracy in the Philippines. It spans from the 1560’s when Spain undertook to administer the affairs of the natives of the archipelago to the 1950’s when the Filipinos assumed the responsibility of self-government.The author presented the significant phases in the evolution of our administrative apparatus to identify the important characteristics of the current form and functions of the civil service of the Philippine government. In Chapter 1, Dr. Corpuz described the native life of the inhabitants before the arrival of the Spaniards. These inhabitants were not strangers to progress and civilization. Although the pre-Spanish Filipinos were in a state of cultural maturity, it was maturity at a low level.It was a stage of cultural inadequacy based on an old and simple framework. The author briefly discussed the transition of the Philippine bureaucracy from the time that we’re still a colony of foreign nations to the time that the Philippines became an independent republic. The author reconstructed, in Chapter 2, the setting in which Spain’s colonial bureaucracy appeared around the middle of the 16th century. The author also described how the Spanish colonial government â€Å"organized† the colony in Filipinas.Also discussed was the expedition headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 21 November 1564, how his peaceful diplomacy won the allegiance of many subjects and the establishment of Manila as a city and Legazpi’s capital. Chapter 3 discussed the two concepts on how bureaucracy may be viewed: (1) as an organization or apparatus; (2) as a collection of individual bureaucrats, placing more emphasis on the 2nd concept of bureaucracy – the realities of bureaucratic behaviour. The chapter is devoted to a study of Spanish bureaucrats. The author also discussed the following: a. how bureaucrats are appointed in Filipinas and in Spain – the processes and criteria involved in obtaining the king’s favor; b. how to acquire/purchase an office where many bureaucrats obtained their positions; c. detailed conditions under which Spanish bureaucrats as a whole lived and worked; and d. ow the administrative organization was centralized in Manila for control and communications purposes. The next two chapters are dedicated in highlighting the essentials of life and service of the highest-ranking bureaucrats – the Presidente-Gobernador (Governor-General), the Oidores, Fiscales, and Reales Oficiales – who constituted the governmental bureaucracy in Manila. The author, in Chapter 4, described the governor-general of Filipinas which had the attributes of a super-bureaucrat.Also discussed, in general, was the performance of the different governor-general appointed in Filipinas and illustrated the conflict between the clergy and the governors and the instability of the governorship – which office was considered as an opportunity for private material profit. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the discussion of the Audiencia of Manila and its bureaucrats and the Royal Officials. The Audiencia performed functions of a superior judicial tribunal; the highest court of justice in the colonies.The author discussed the conditions, restrictions, the legislative and judicial functions and the organizational changes of the office. Also discussed are the functions and conditions of the â€Å"Royal Official† (Reales Oficiales) or the oficial de la real hacienda who are the administrators of the king’s personal estate or the royal hacienda. It should be remembered that the various dominions/colonies in the Indias are considered as the king’s personal property or estate. â€Å"As a monarch, he entrusted the government of his kingdoms and provinces to viceroys, governors-general, and Audiencias.As a proprietor, he entrusted the administration of his estate and revenues to the royal officials. † The structural defects and administrative weakness of the bureaucracy is brought about by the pervasion and corruption of the office of men who only saw the position as a means for private personal gain. In Chapter 6, the author then discussed the conditions, restrictions and all the functions and duties of the provincial government and the provincial officers/bureaucrats commonly known as alcade-mayor. The alcaldes are the provincial equivalent/counterpart of the governor-general of the archipelago.The author also highlighted how the alcalde-mayor was also the judge with provincial jurisdictions and since these bureaucrats have no background in the law and having arrived in the province with questionable motives, it is therefore said that the â€Å"pr incipal vice† of province administration is the absence of â€Å"true justice†. The author emphasized that provincial administration has no direction since the system of concentration of functions is in one man and this has disadvantageously rendered the bureaucrat inefficient. This inefficiency neglect or non-performance of duties – easily turned into oppression.The alcadeship evolved into an office of abuse since there were no checks to the alcalde’s excesses and frauds. He is the judge – administrator – military commandant of the province – an action against him is futile. However, reforms were undertaken to improve the administration in the provinces. But these reforms weren’t able to bear fruit for the main reason that they were enacted too late. Discussed also were the native bureaucrats and the system of local government; the principalia which was a social and political aristocracy on the village level – the details of its participation and the conditions under which it was actually exercised.The author also described the undeniable influence or relative power of the clergy in civil and political life, them being more â€Å"unified† than the group of the bureaucrats. In Chapter 7, the author summarized the weaknesses of the Spanish colonial bureaucracy, fundamental of which was the internal moral corruption of its members made worse by the fact that the Madrid government placed its political faith not in the bureaucracy but in the church. Discussed also as the futile attempts to reform the colonial bureaucracy and the general structure of the central administration and the budgetary practices of the central government in Manila. Chapter 8 is a â€Å"discussion of the principal events and factors that shaped the new era that constituted the basis upon which the new political administration was established, and that provided the context for the new bureaucracy and the new bureaucrats. † The author discussed Aguinaldo’s action and the general features of the scheme to organize the town and provincial governments.The new institutions under the Revolutionary Government were closely patterned after the preceding scheme of the Spanish a dministration due to the lack of time for innovations, but the local authorities and institutions were now more popularly based and autonomous. Discussed also was the principal features of the Malolos Constitution of 1899 which was an admirable work of constitutionalism, considering the difficult conditions of the times and the inexperience of its authors. Ideal as it may seem, the first attempt to self-government was aborted as the Philippines was once again under a colonial regime – now in the hands of the Americans. According to the author, the American occupation of the Philippines is generally pointed out as a major phase in the evolution of modern colonial policy and colonial administration. During this time, there were increased economic activities – in agriculture, manufacturing and commerce – such that the colony enjoyed vastly improved standards of living and for the first time, the masses have a chance to escape from poverty. The author also studied the formative period, from 1900 to 1913, of the new bureaucracy.The author identified the salient features of this advanced civil service system which is in great magnitude different from that of the old Spanish system. In Chapter 9, the author focussed on the period from 1913 to 1935 in which the civil service continued to evolve and which was respected by both American authorities and Filipino officials and politicians. But the evolutionary development was unremarkable. It was a steady but rather dreary process, unmarked by ba sic structural alteration or dramatic innovation in the service itself. During this period, both houses of the lawmaking bodies were under Filipino control.This period also marked the beginning of Filipinization of the civil service. In Chapter 10, the author discussed how the Philippine Civil Service, from 1935 to 1955, passed through brief but basic evolutionary governments. First discussed was the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth Government (November 15, 1935) which completed the gradual transfer of government functions to Filipinos. The Philippine Government was a 10-year transitional government – republican in form, Filipino in personnel and has autonomy in domestic affairs – to be superseded by the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946.Further discussed were the constitutional changes and phases of which the civil service is also undergoing namely: First, the phase of consolidation and further expansion, lasting until the Japanese invasion; Second, the phase of dislocation and demoralization covering the war and ear ly postwar years; and Third, the phase of reconstruction and modernization. The author, in the last chapter, summarized the important phases in the bureaucracy in the Philippines from the pre-Spanish period to the year 1955 which was discussed in detail in the preceding chapters. Also discussed briefly were the weaknesses and characteristics of the bureaucracy.This work of Dr. Onofre Corpuz is a vital contribution to the study of Public Administration. I have but good words for this work. The topics were well-organized and clearly written. He was able to piece together different historical data and I was impressed by the historical information presented in this book and his sources which dates from early 1600’s. Because of this book, the reader will have a better background and clearer understanding of the current conditions of the bureaucracy. I hope there could be further study on the conditions of the bureaucracy, if significant change has been attained after 1955.

Economic crisis and consumer financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Economic crisis and consumer financing - Essay Example This dissertation examines various assertions about the ways in which financial crisis affects the economic system as a whole, and discuss about the claims and misconceptions associated with it. Moreover, we delineate the under-appreciated actualities regarding how the economic system transitions the funds between the house-holds as well as the corporate businesses (Chari et al, 2008). Traditional assessments of the economic crisis centralize their evaluation on interest rate spreads and hence, it can be argued that such investigations may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual cost of borrowing, thereby, investigation about the fact that, throughout the financial crises, changes in the decrees of nominal interest rates tend to result in appreciable conclusions and inferences regarding the changes in the actual prices of loans. Also, we talk about the fact that even if the present augmentation in spreads signal increases in the stakes of the outlined strategies, these inc rements do not essentially signal the requirement for substantial governmental involvement. Hence, we require policy-makers to explain about the specific characteristics of the market failure as adjudicated by them, so as to present solid confirmation which discriminates their outlook of the statistics from other views which would no call for such involvement, along with sharing with the community the rationalities and confirmations which polish the case that the meticulous involvement they support will resolve such market collapse (Chari et al, 2008). Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Methodology 4. Findings/ Discussions 5. Conclusions Bibliography 1. Introduction With the economic sectors still hemorrhaging in developed nations, the policy-makers in developing countries are precisely discoursing over the impact of the crisis on their economic sectors and nations (Maimbo, 2008). Traditional wisdom up till now has proposed that they have quite less to be anxious about as it is argued that the communication mechanisms between the financial systems of various countries often appear to be susceptible and weak which tends to minimize the influence on the calamities. Financial institutions of developing countries are not depicted to the stakes that originate to the stakes emerging from complicated tools in global financial market-places for the reason that in many parts of the world, most banks are reliant on the deposits for funding their loan collections. Moreover, other problems include the limited infrastructure of inter-bank market, small or fictional market for securitized or unoriginal implements, and also the fact that few are reliant on ove rseas borrowing for funding their lending functions (Maimbo, 2008). Exemptions to such a position are then made for developing countries which are viewed as possessing significant communication m

Environment and Society of US & Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment and Society of US & Canada - Essay Example When in the mid 19th century, western Canadian economy hit a low; immigrations were encouraged from England and Scotland. Consequently, the area was beginning to be occupied with agricultural lands, commercial towns. Several canal systems, railway networks were developed, streetcar tracks were laid, textile industry was expanded and the lumber industry was set up (Troper 2013). Similarly, the first Nations people, Hurons had used the St Lawrence lowland areas for agriculture, but they were the immigrants who put up the orchards and farms in the area and today those orchards of apples etc and vineyards are a source of profitable businesses in the region (Canada: Making connections  (n.d.). The low lying states of New England and Canadian Maritimes had started off as colonies where fishing and agriculture was practiced, but soon European immigrants flooded in since small industries had started. The immigrants contributed to a highly skilled labor and today Southern New England stands as stable economic region where several developments have been made, like areas have been developed for tourism and recreation, ski resorts have been made and the coast has undergone developments to serve a good spot for vacationing (North America. (n.d.). The immigrants have played a vital part in shaping the population of Canada. It is responsible for about 2/3rd of population growth that took place between 2001and 2006. The immigrants settle in major cities like Toronto and Montreal, adding to the workforce and also creating a demand for goods and services. These demands are integral for promoting growth in these regions. The immigrants moving into Canada may have moved in to find better job opportunities or lifestyle etc; their activities did help the region to flourish but their presence in the country could have effects which are not favorable to the country ultimately. For example, the immigrant

Economic Growth in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Growth in the UK - Essay Example Since the phenomenon of globalization has become ubiquitous in the new neoliberal world order of the last few decades, it would be instructive to study aforementioned determinants within the framework of international capitalism. This particular form of capitalism has steadily replaced socialistic and communistic forms of economic arrangement in many countries in the world. While proponents of this global economic model argue that this is the best possible system, there are also those who strongly oppose various aspects of this system. Taking a historical perspective, we see that the events of the two centuries are shaped and defined by the practice of capitalism. While conceding that concentrations of power and finance in and of themselves do not lead to oppression and injustice, empirical evidence of the workings of the capitalist model suggests such an outcome. Similarly, while neoliberal economic paradigm might have improved the Gross National Products (including that of the UK) of individual nations and improved the general standards of living, there are other aspects of human well-being that is not easily measured and fulfilled (Dixon, 1998, p.125). For instance, when assessing economic systems and determinants of economic growth, it is only logical to consider the consequences to the environment alongside measures of human standard of living. There is an emerging consensus among intellectuals and research scholars that there is indeed a strong correlation between the two concepts.

Texting While Driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Texting While Driving - Essay Example The familiar text tone emitted from my mobile phone that was holstered in its holder clip in front of my air-conditioning vent. I glanced down at it and saw the information â€Å"1 new text: Mother†. Having driven down this road many times before, and often times answering text messages as I did that, I thought nothing of grabbing my phone from its holder and opening the message to read it, glancing up at the road once in a while to make sure I did not crash into a tree or something. She was worried that I had left without having any breakfast and I had forgotten to tell her that I was leaving early. She just wanted to know where I was headed out to. As I began answering the message, another message came in from my best friend, which I also felt an immediate need to respond to. Pretty soon, I was driving with one hand and texting with the other while my eyes darted back and forth between the two activities that divided my brain concentration. Then I suddenly heard a bump and m y car thudded over whatever it was that was lying on the road that I had not seen. I got down from the car and checked under neath. I had hit an obviously family owned dog whose master was currently running towards me, shouting in anger. Although I had taken the animal to the vet and paid for the medical expenses, a police officer still came over to investigate what happened.

Assessment and Decision Making in Nursing Essay

Assessment and Decision Making in Nursing - Essay Example It can be stated that decision making is one of the chief elements of the nursing work which is quite significant to comprehend since organisations discover cost effective ways for the purpose of delivering quality healthcare (Boblin-Cummings & Et. Al., 1999). Clinical decision making is also termed as clinical reasoning, clinical inference, clinical judgment as well as diagnostic reasoning. However, the authors Hardy & Smith further suggest being careful regarding their interchangeability when others are making use of the same activity. Clinical decision making can be explained as the procedure through which informed judgment can be made regarding the treatment that is necessary for their patients (Hardy & Smith, 2008). Legal Consideration And Ethical and Moral Conflicts In Respiratory Nursing A respiratory nurse has to deal with the patients suffering from lung diseases. The respiratory nurses are supposed to effectively work with the patients belonging to all the ages in order to promote good health of the lungs. The patients who are suffering from adverse lung conditions need to be placed on ventilators or served with oxygen machines so that they can be assisted with breathing (Rafferty, n.d.). It is to be mentioned that most of the times the ethical responsibilities of the respiratory nurses conflict with the legal considerations in providing such care services. For instance, the role of the respiratory nurses is quite complementary to that of the respiratory physicians. In the recent times, with the widening of the scope of the respiratory nurses, independent clinical decisions in the provision of care and medical management of the respiratory patients is being made by the respiratory nurses. The main responsibility of the respiratory nurses lies in taking clinical de cisions and in performing the requisite technical skills. However, the ultimate responsibility lies with the respiratory physicians (Rafferty, n.d.). For the development of the rules and the regulations regarding the drugs to be prescribed to the patients by the respiratory nurses without the references of the medical doctors, there is not any legal or professional barriers until and unless such rules and regulations meet the legal requirements and is supported by consultant medical staff. In this regard, it can be mentioned that such administration of the drugs for the patients need to have a legal, managerial as well as social support and needs to be accepted practise (Rafferty, n.d.). There are various legal responsibilities that the respiratory nurses are supposed to possess. The respiratory nurses who have obtained registration needs to ensure that their practices and conducts at nursing are according to the standards that has been set and thus meets the legal requirements. It can be stated that the registered respiratory nurses are held responsible for their own action most of the time. They are further responsible for participation in the activities through which the quality could be improved. It is the duty of the registered nurses to evaluate their practices on a continuous basis

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Essay

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy - Essay Example Analysis shows that even though the particle size range is from 10 ?m to 160 ?m; however most of the particles are confined in three size ranges: 10 - 20 ?m, 50 – 70 ?m and 110 – 120 ?m. SEM-EDS analysis shows that the bright particle in the silica sample are yttrium oxide. TEM images show two kinds of shape – spherical and cylindrical for TiO2 and faceted equiaxed morphology for Fe2O3 particles. The detailed results and analysis is presented in this report. Introduction Powders play very important role in materials science and industry so much so that one stream of metallurgy is known as powder metallurgy. Besides, ceramics engineering revolved around powders. Consolidation of many materials becomes possible only through powder metallurgy route, which involves filling, compaction and sintering of powders. All these processes depend heavily on powder characteristics like shape, size, size distribution etc. to name a few. Experimental determination of these attrib utes of powder is very important. Some of these attributes like size and size distribution can be determined by indirect methods like laser particle size analysis. However, only a direct method like microscopy gives the confidence in the result. Beside, many attributes like shape and chemistry can be determined only by advance electron microscopy. Electron microscopy involves obtaining high magnification images of the samples using focused beam of accelerated electrons as probe and then forming images by collecting the different signals like backscattered electrons, secondary electrons, transmitted electrons etc [1]. As wavelength of accelerated electrons is much smaller as compared to light; therefore, it can be focused to much finer spots and much higher resolution and magnification is possible in case of electron microscopes as compared to the same in case of optical microscopes. Besides, many signals generated by electron – matter interaction like auger electron, characte ristic X-rays etc. contain information about chemistry of the matter and these signals can be used to determine chemistry of the sample using different detectors like Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer (WDS), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer etc. Accordingly there are different instruments like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), SEM-EDS, Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) etc. A basic description of SEM, SEM-EDS and TEM which were used in these experiments is provided in the subsequent sections. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) [2]: As suggested by the name, in this microscope a focused beam of electron is scanned over the sample in a raster using scanning coils. This leads to generation of signals like secondary electrons and backscattered electrons; which are used for image formation on a CRT screen. The image is formed in a pixel by pixel manner and therefore, the raster size corre sponds to the CRT screen size magnification is arrived by dividing the CRT length by the raster length. The magnification can thus be increased gradually by reducing the rater size on the sample as the CRT size is fixed. An SEM consists of an electron source or an electron gun, apertures to block unwanted beam, electromagnetic lenses to focus the beam, different detectors like secondary electron detector and backscattered electron detector for image formati

Assessment and Decision Making in Nursing Essay

Assessment and Decision Making in Nursing - Essay Example It can be stated that decision making is one of the chief elements of the nursing work which is quite significant to comprehend since organisations discover cost effective ways for the purpose of delivering quality healthcare (Boblin-Cummings & Et. Al., 1999). Clinical decision making is also termed as clinical reasoning, clinical inference, clinical judgment as well as diagnostic reasoning. However, the authors Hardy & Smith further suggest being careful regarding their interchangeability when others are making use of the same activity. Clinical decision making can be explained as the procedure through which informed judgment can be made regarding the treatment that is necessary for their patients (Hardy & Smith, 2008). Legal Consideration And Ethical and Moral Conflicts In Respiratory Nursing A respiratory nurse has to deal with the patients suffering from lung diseases. The respiratory nurses are supposed to effectively work with the patients belonging to all the ages in order to promote good health of the lungs. The patients who are suffering from adverse lung conditions need to be placed on ventilators or served with oxygen machines so that they can be assisted with breathing (Rafferty, n.d.). It is to be mentioned that most of the times the ethical responsibilities of the respiratory nurses conflict with the legal considerations in providing such care services. For instance, the role of the respiratory nurses is quite complementary to that of the respiratory physicians. In the recent times, with the widening of the scope of the respiratory nurses, independent clinical decisions in the provision of care and medical management of the respiratory patients is being made by the respiratory nurses. The main responsibility of the respiratory nurses lies in taking clinical de cisions and in performing the requisite technical skills. However, the ultimate responsibility lies with the respiratory physicians (Rafferty, n.d.). For the development of the rules and the regulations regarding the drugs to be prescribed to the patients by the respiratory nurses without the references of the medical doctors, there is not any legal or professional barriers until and unless such rules and regulations meet the legal requirements and is supported by consultant medical staff. In this regard, it can be mentioned that such administration of the drugs for the patients need to have a legal, managerial as well as social support and needs to be accepted practise (Rafferty, n.d.). There are various legal responsibilities that the respiratory nurses are supposed to possess. The respiratory nurses who have obtained registration needs to ensure that their practices and conducts at nursing are according to the standards that has been set and thus meets the legal requirements. It can be stated that the registered respiratory nurses are held responsible for their own action most of the time. They are further responsible for participation in the activities through which the quality could be improved. It is the duty of the registered nurses to evaluate their practices on a continuous basis