Novartis Pharmaceutical Gender Discrimination Class Action Lawsuit

Amy Velez, et al. , v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. is one of the largest gender discrimination lawsuits ever to go to trial. The class action lawsuit claimed Novartis Pharmaceuticals (NPC) practiced sex discrimination against female employees under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Wilson 2010). The plaintiffs are nineteen women presently or formerly employed by NPC in sales related positions. They claimed the NPC discriminated against them in various ways, including compensation, promotion and promotional opportunities, personnel evaluations and by adverse treatment of women who take maternity leave.They seek injunctive relief, back pay and front pay, and compensatory and punitive damages (US District Court Document). The class action lawsuit later grew to include 6,200 women employed by NPC. The time period of the discrimination was from 2002-2007 Amy Velez, who had twins in 2001 claimed she was repeatedly passed over for promotions by men who had inferior sales numbers . She also claims to have overheard a manager asking recruiters prospective employees were married or had children. Wilson 2010). Another woman claims she was told by a manager that he prefers not to hire younger women saying â€Å"First comes Love, then comes marriage, then comes flex time and a baby carriage. † (Wilson 2010). In addition, the plaintiffs claim that men in the same positions earned more money than women in the save positions. The final approval of the settlement was November 19, 2010. The settlement, which totaled $175 million, included $152. million in back wages, benefits, and adjusted wages, service payments to named plaintiffs who helped litigate the case, and attorneys' fees and costs, plus $22. 5 million in nonmonetary relief representing Novartis's commitments to revise its employment policies to eliminate sex discrimination (McGowan 2010).In response to the decision, according to NPC’s web page â€Å"As part of its commitment to fostering a di verse and inclusive workforce, NPC is implementing comprehensive programs designed to ensure that all members of its sales force are treated fairly. NPC still denies these claims but admits some of its employees may have not followed company policy. NPC will also substantially revising its human resources policies, revamping its personnel management systems, and strengthening its commitment to ensuring gender equality in the workplace These practices by NPC took place over a five year period between 2002-2007. The severity of the claims shows an escalating conflict. There were repeated offences. First here was awareness of differences; a couple female employees knew they were being passed over for promotions. This continued to annoyance; more female employees learned they were being continually passed over for promotions. Later to frustration; when the female employees learned that certain managers were not hiring younger women or women with children. Next there was anger; when sexi st comments were made by management. This conflict finally escalated to hostility and war (war being the lawsuit).NPC could have avoided this class action lawsuit by making sure all their branches were following proper anti-discrimination procedures. Inappropriate comments by management should have been taken seriously by upper management. All employees should have been required to go to diversity training. Upper management should have looked more closely at the male/female promotion ratio. If only NPC’s upper management would have been more in tune with their subordinates this costly lawsuit might have been avoided.

Hotel Industry

Introduction In the Introduction I have researched a given division of the Hotel area In Kolkata i. e. extravagance storing up of Hotels. The paper settled on the present Macro Business in India and its connection to the friendliness business. The focuses are as runs with:- Macro Environment may be depicted as the major outside and uncontrollable segments that impacts a conglomeration's choice settling on and effects its choice making and approach. PESTEL) Political, Social, Economical, Technological, Environmental, Legal investigation of Luxury Collection of Hotels. Evaluation of PESTEL examination Negative and Positive Aspects. Main Body †¢Political issues that happen for the abundance lodgings are the strikes that happen consistently. The clients are hesitant to visit and thusly drop reservations and lodgings run on occurrences. The foundations of certain structures are also an issue on the grounds that the promoters does not contemplate further frameworks as bids hail from t op power.Thusly structures are not made and the zone moves to working in the direction of inching toward getting pummeled decimating occupations of different individuals. †¢The Economical issues may be the sponsorship imperfections made watching the reach now clients starting from outside in particular complete visitors they need to stay in a wealth lodge that is composed close-by shade and in a spot where the street unite with the generally speaking city.For instance let's take a river side hotel which is situated in Kolkata as an example, the separation is essentially far at a partition from the runway or to the suburbs to the city so standard if the visitor has a get-as one kept inside the city he should leave early by a hour or two to finish the specific terminus on time which winds up being essentially a nervousness. Yet for a uxury hotel, it is essentially coordinated amidst the shed and the city so its much supportive for the visitor to stay in an important indulgence ke eping up which at the same focus is moreover segregated at a partitioning from every spot of the confusion which about bargains to manage generous situations. †¢The Social issues may be impeccable for an occasion completion of the line for the most part social occasions as it moreover incorporates I. T. arts and where there is a touch of progress individuals can furthermore encounter the certain underpinnings as the city Kolkata incorporates academic castles case in point British space offices and Queen Elizabeth's Victoria Memorial. So clients can encounter both forward and bona fide being. As the city is not rural based hence it has appositive impact. Here the customers can like both expert and private necessities. Summation:- The report thoroughly recognizes the PESTEL examination and its unavoidable finishes influence on the client cooperation.What are the various meanders being undertaken and what are the notable things and its suspected organize beginning from the foundat ion till the prodding position. How the whole cordiality business influences the business redesign as an entire degree that Macro Environment determining the budgetary and the political issues as the central issue. At whatever time its all stated and done the examination insists if the steps taken are gainful or setback acknowledged.

Cat Food Industry In The UK

Cat Food Industry In The UK By using environmental analysis, it is possible for organizations to recognize existing opportunities and threats for companies, define strategies to best utilizing opportunities and also to minimize the bad consequences of threats (Arabi & Parsaeian, 2001). And the most important, the analysis can provide a rational future prediction as a base for future strategy adjustment. The company can forecast the consumer tends in next decade and rearrange its products in order to capture the volatile market share in a long-term perspective. The remote environment has the origin of factors that influencing operating environment. In industry-level analysis, it is necessary to analyze a macro environment of a company and access its performance of competitors responding to external elements. The object of this paper is to analyze remote environment and operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom. Part Two will be industry definitions. The industry background will be introduced in Part three at three levels, global market, Western Europe market and UK market. Part Four will be remote environment analysis by using PEST model, followed by operating environment analysis in Part Five by using Porter’s Five Forces Model. 2. Industry and Product definition200 211 Wikipedia defines Pet food as plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_food) Mintel defines pet food as any foods that are specifically formulated and marketed for pets, including treats (Mintel, 2009). In legislation, â€Å"pet food† means a feeding stuff for pet animals. To achieve the appropriate balance of nutrients pet food, manufacturers blend mixtures of ingredients including meat and fish, with vegetables, cereals, vitamins and minerals to produce foods that will satisfy the nutritional requirements of a pet(PFMA). It is typically sold in pet stores or supermarkets. And pet food is divided into three categories (Figure 2): dog foo d, cat food and other pet food (i.e. fish food, bird food). Pet Food sells in the form that either prepared or non-prepared. Figure 2 Pet Food Segment In this paper, cat food intends to be defined as food product specifically formulated for feeding of cats. For the purposes of this paper, some further definitions used by Mintel reports are as follows: Wet cat food ‘C including wet canned cat food with a moisture content of 60-85% and semi-moist food with a moisture content of 25-30% and includes complete foods. Dry cat food ‘C has a moisture content of around 10% and includes complete foods Treats and Mixers’C food supplement for cat. 3. Cat food industry Background 200 475 3.1 Global Cat Food Market Figure 3 (Source: Euromonitor International) According to data from Euromonitor, in 2009, the Global retail value sales of cat food reach US19.6 billion dollars, at a growth rate of 4%. Although Dog food continues to occupy nearly half of pet food and pet care market, cat food market ‘posted a comparable CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5 % during the period 2004-2008’. This indicates that the economic downturn had slight impact on this industry. However, the rising rates of house repossessions contribute to the decline in the pet populations, especially in western economies. The recession caused the lack of consumer confidence which lead to backward sales of the whole cat food market at 2008, but the global market is still growing in 2009 as the ongoing trend of pet humanization that ‘consumers want value-added products that extend both the quality and length of the pet’s life’.

The Real Estate Closing Process and RESPA Research Paper

The Real Estate Closing Process and RESPA - Research Paper Example When a property is transferred from the seller to the buyer as per the sales contract, the buyer becomes the rightful owner of the property and the seller gets the money. Closing deal of a property carries some costs other than the cost of the property. These costs incur from the sales contract, as per the customs and local, state, and federal laws (Real Estate Closing, 2011). Pre-closing Procedure Pre-closing Procedures are followed exactly before the closing to ensure that all documents are in order for the buyer to have a look. As per sales contracts, general practice of checking the premises for any violation of the sales contract is carried out by the buyer along with the broker. An updated survey of the property is conducted to satisfy the lender or the title company and payment for the survey is decided in the sales contract, identifying the entity. Pre-closing procedure provides assurance to the seller also that the buyer has the ready funds to finalize the transaction (Real Estate Closing, 2011). Any mortgage or other liens on the property needs to be cleared by the seller by providing a pay-off statement as of the date of closing. Such a statement normally shows not only the remaining principal and interest but also any pre-payment penalties and certificate-issuance fee. The seller gets acknowledged for any funds in escrow to pay for taxes and insurance (Real Estate Closing, 2011). ... The buyer may also deposit funds in an escrow account to pay for insurance and taxes for the property, to secure its collateral, as and if asked by the lender (Real Estate Closing, 2011). Title Procedures Title procedures are followed by the buyer and the lender to ensure that the title is free from any debts. The seller provides either a latest abstract of title, detailing any charge or an assurance from a title insurance company, the payment for which is made by the seller. The buyer’s advocate checks all charges to give an opinion of the title, as shown in the title record but this opinion is not a promise of good title. A second search on the title is recommended to the buyer in case the first search has been conducted months before the closing to ensure that no new charges have been leveled. Normally, the seller signs an oath, the affidavit that the title is clean from any encumbrances so that if anything wrong done is found, the buyer or the title insurance company could file a case against the seller in the court of law (Real Estate Closing, 2011). Closing Procedures Closing is the final settlement and transfer of the property. Closing procedures happen either face-to-face or through the third-party, a escrow agent who is not a stakeholder in the transaction of the property. Mostly, property closing details are registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by using Form 1099-S, detailing the seller’s social security number, the sales price, and any compensations to the seller in case of prepaid property taxes. Generally, the IRS or sometimes the lender is reported to by the closing agent on the closing (Real Estate Closing, 2011).

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Interview - Assignment Example The first question focused on how the manager would deal with dishonest workers in the organization. Malcolm responded by saying, â€Å"Many people apply assumptions whilst dealing with such cases. This is wrong. I would focus on the reasons behind the behavior, and deal with the case based on past experiences; then take action on the employees.† Secondly, I asked Malcolm what he would do if his boss did something unethical and he was aware of it. He answered by saying he would first assess their perception on ethics and being in power. It is at this point that he would advise them according to the ethical policy. The third question focused on the wits of the manager. I asked Malcolm how he would handle contradictory values that exist in the employee handbook that is the basis of operation of the organization. He responded, â€Å"That question is extremely tricky. However, as the manager, it is my role to put the organization in place. I will focus on the past experiences in the work place then decide the best measure based on the precedents.† From the interview, it is evident that Malcolm is not only a reasonable employee, but also an individual that adheres to the ethics of his profession. As argued by Becker, the most prevalent ethical dilemmas in the work place revolve around conflicts of interest, utilization of the organization’s resources and human resource (26). From the interview, it is evident that Malcolm faced these challenges and was able to handle them in an ethical manner. Malcolm believes that ethical issues are handled effectively in his work place as they follow strict protocol in dealing with these issues. The rules apply to all members regardless of their affiliation and status in the organization, which explains why in the interview, Malcolm attests to questioning his supervisor if they did contrary to the ethical guidelines. Becker continues to argue that the

Conclusion of Online Contracts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conclusion of Online Contracts - Research Paper Example According to Deeksha Bhana and others, â€Å"an offer is an invitation by one party to create obligations with another party, which obligations will become legally binding upon the acceptance by the other party† . An offer must respect several legal requirements in order to be valid:  According to Deeksha Bhana and others, â€Å"an offer is an invitation by one party to create obligations with another party, which obligations will become legally binding upon the acceptance by the other party† . An offer must respect several legal requirements in order to be valid:  1. the offer must be made with animus contrahendi2. the offer must be complete, certain or at least ascertainable3. the offer must be communicated   to the offeree. In the online community, however, things are not so simple. Very often, these requirements are confusing or not observed by the participants, which further leads to serious legal issues. The author will analyze these legal requirements and e xplain them and the possibility of avoiding confusion at this moment.  This chapter will also analyze the concept of unilateral contract and the possibility of revocation of an offer.   1.2. Invitation to treat invitation to treat represents â€Å"an expression of willingness to negotiate. A person making an invitation to treat does not intend to be bound as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom the statement is addressed.†   Therefore, the main difference between an invitation to treat and an offer consists in their binding power. The paper will describe all the differences between these two concepts and analyze some possible situations that might occur due to the ambiguity of these two notions.  The main question that the author intends to answer in this part of the paper is: Is it an offer or an invitation to treat? In the answer to this question, the author will address to the concept of online advertisement and other important notions. This chapter will also analyze the concept of unilateral contracts and the possibility of revocation of an offer.  

CUlture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CUlture - Essay Example Having announced free primary education in 1998, the government allocated a quarter of its budget to financing this venture and yet this was not enough to see it into completion. A continually escalating national debt and structural reliance on its richer neighbors, specifically, South Africa, are factors that have seen Lesotho engulfed in the present quagmire. In the Brazilian case as expounded upon by Nancy Scheper Hughes in her revealing testimonial of the excesses of shanty life, mothers seem to embrace almost fatalistic attitudes based on retrogressive cultural practices (Hughes, p.364). People seem to believe that evil spirits cause diseases (Hughes, p.366). Mothers refer to these illnesses as though they are caused by factors beyond their capacity to control and expect to be at the mercy of curable diseases. This is an example of one of the common ways that culture can be harmful to those who practice it. She also documents how mothers and older women claim that there exist fourteen to twenty one various types of child and infant illnesses, with systems ranging from a ‘hanging head and sickly pallor to a reluctance to suckle (Hughes, p.368). These ill-informed people can actually affect psychological systems of precociousness in a young or prospective mother who is encumbered with the fear that her child will be a victim of at least one of these diseases. In the Brazilian case, the poverty of these wretched mothers obviously contributes to their fatalistic view of life as far as their children are concerned. Unable to provide not only for their needs but also for their young, they adopt an unusual resignation to the harsh realities of shanty life and search for ways within themselves to accept inevitable death as normality. The church and its teachings as concerns the next life fits snuggly into this confusion as mothers

Compare china main land economic and Taiwan Research Paper

Compare china main land economic and Taiwan - Research Paper Example venue had risen to $2278 while that of Mainland had remained a paltry $256.This broadening gap between the two economies had started attracting global attention. Taiwan mostly is considered to have embraced market capitalism whereas China is considered to be a predominantly socialistic country. However both nations have shown that they do not pursue a purely socialistic system or capitalistic system. They in actuality pursue a mixture of both kinds to various levels. Despite the fact that Taiwan pursues a system that is capitalistic ,the government still controls the finance and banking system and makes decisions on which industries it should support and protect. Conversely, China began out under firm socialism but over the years but has started to change so as to widen both domestic and foreign markets. One of the key bases for the disparities in growth between China and Taiwan was the distinctions in international trade. Thus industries that are high-exporting seem to lead to productivity that is faster than industries that are low-exporting. Firms that are owned by the state without any foreign assistance tend to be less productive than the ones that are privatized or joint-ventures having foreign direct investment (FDI). It wasn’t just a coincidence therefore that China for the earliest time ever matched Taiwan’s 8% GDP growth rate that it has had for years after opening up of its foreign markets, allowing the entry of FDI. One of the key stated merits of communism/socialism over capitalism is stability in growth over lengthy periods of time. Taiwan has however under capitalism displayed a more stabilized GDP growth of around 8% over the past 5 decades while China has exhibited unstable and negative GDP growth rate to a point where the government of China refused t o expose statistics officially anymore (Lijun, 2002). It wasn’t until recently when the Chinese government embraced advantages of capitalism that their economy eventually started to grow

Discuss Max Weber's concept of ideal types in political authority, Essay

Discuss Max Weber's concept of ideal types in political authority, with reference to real world examples - Essay Example Blau, P. (p.308) identifies the bases of authority of Weber. Blau said Weber believes that traditional authority is legitimized by the sanctity of religion. As such, it is viewed as something â€Å"sacred, eternal and inviolable†. The position of the leader is achieved through heredity and is believed to be designed to rule over the rest. By this, the people are bound to follow the leader by tradition of loyalty, personal dependence and sacred beliefs on the divine rights of the kings. The work of Henry, K (n.d.) collaborates with Blau in that traditional authority is established as a rule and the right to statute does not change over time. It has been socially accepted and considered as a â€Å"status quo†. As such, change of political authority is impractical. Weber states â€Å"The creation of new law opposite traditional norms is deemed impossible in principle.† In this instance, Weber considers traditional authority as being based on patriotism and feudalism. Weber regards patriarchal structure as â€Å"the servants are completely and personally dependent upon the lord†, while in an estate system (i.e. feudalism), â€Å"the servants are not personal servants of the lord but independent men† (Weber 1958, 4 cited by Henry, K.). Political Dictionary defines a patriarchal structure as a society wherein â€Å"authority was divine, descended from Adam through the kings of Israel to modern kings†. The word is also associated by fem inists who debate on the practice of giving priority to men over women. Henry, K. gathers from Weber, a description of legitimacy of authority in traditional way is based on custom handed down from the past to present, which often times is a dictatorial process. It is accepted by subordinates and is not challenged by the individuals. This type of authority is found in spiritual, sacred religious forms, a well established culture, and family, tribal or clan type structures. Weber

Points To Consider Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Points To Consider - Article Example This is evident how Finn decided not to push through with his original plan because his inmost being is telling him the other things to do which have the basic foundation on his core values. Societies and organizations have varying values which could be influenced by culture. These values are also their guiding principles on how they act in the attainment of their organizational goals. Twain successfully depicts this point in his novel. What alternatives does Huck explore in making the decision? First, Huck tries to weigh everything and put it to a substantial logical reasoning. He sets enough time to ponder on probable consequences of his future actions. In the same way, decision-makers act in the same path because decisions are crucial as they could lead someone or a group to consequences and other related results. Second, Huck organizes the facts as he recalls past actions. He evaluates past actions together with the prevailing conditions and he finally is able to come up with a d ecision that he needs to consider. How does he evaluate each alternative? By considering the probable implications of his actions, Huck in his own little way successfully evaluates each of his alternative course of actions. In today’s contemporary time, decision-makers assess the degree of significance of an alternative by trying to consider the associated strength and weaknesses. In the case of Huck, he all has the effort of initiating an assesment of an implication whether it could bring an advantage outcome or not. He successfully creates this by looking at the entire perspective on the prevailing life of his friend, Jim. Why does he reverse his original decision? After he passes on the issue that he needs to consider, Huck evantually sees the entire perspective. This becomes possible because he gives considerable amount of time considering his probable decisions. He changes his original decision because he acquires the opportunity to see the right perspective based on his conscience and awareness on the entire issue involved. In the same way, in real-life application, we tend to change our original decision if it would come to our senses that there is other better point of view. Points to Consider Can you think of contemporary situations analogous to the one described in this essay where a leader feels compelled to make a decision based on what others will think of him or her? This is evident among politicians, especially in democratic nations where there is a need to elect an officer to be chosen by the masses. The candidates just like in the US will be given an opportunity to make their own stand on a given issue or situation. In some cases, some politicians would eventually consider the prevailing trend, especially the opinion of the massess to increase their chance of acceptance and approval. The bottom line, they at some point are compelled to make a decision based on what others will think of them. Obama’s stand on same-sex maarriage is sue could at some point be a specific example. How can a leader overcome the pressure to make a decision that he or she knows is not the best decision? Leadership is about influencing others and most especially creating followers and not only mere subordinates. Leaders should therefore create a culture that is flexible to change so that when there is a need to

The Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Essay Example for Free

The Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Essay Plato believed in an ‘ideal state,’ the Republic, which is ruled and sustained by an ‘ideal’ group of people whose main objective should be to seek their highest good for the benefit of both the state and the society. â€Å"Only those who know what the good is are fit to rule†(Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995).   To know what is good, one has to â€Å"undergo long and rigorous intellectual training that will yield this knowledge† (p. 1541). Plato believed that the function of education is to help people embody their true nature of good because they will become the fuel that will keep the Republic running. Here, higher education is meant to pave the way for the development of the individual because it is crucial to the Republic’s existence. The failure of an individual to reach his highest good, albeit in theory of a secondary importance, would be the failure of the state as a whole.   In Plato’s view, it is the development of the individual, supported by education, which serves as the groundwork of the Republic and ensures that the latter does not collapse.   One can say that it is truly education which holds the state’s future in its hands. The true purpose of Higher Education is best depicted in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. The Allegory of the Cave represents the different levels of knowledge that man must go through in order to achieve enlightenment.   Men were depicted as cave-dwellers in the depths of nothingness where there is a total absence of knowledge. â€Å"Most mankind dwell in the darkness of the cave. It is the function of education to lead men out of the cave into the world of the shadow† (Tulio, 2005).   Those who are able to escape the confinements of the cave would able Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato to acquire the knowledge that will lead to their evolution and form the ruling elite who will sustain the Republic. According to Kemerling (n.d.): â€Å"The highest goal in all of education, Plato believed, is knowledge of the Good; that is, not merely an awareness of particular benefits and pleasures, but acquaintance with the Form itself. Just as the sun provides illumination by means of which we are able to perceive everything in the visual world, he argued, so the Form of the Good provides the ultimate standard by means of which we can apprehend the reality of everything that has value† (Kemerling, n.d). Plato believed that education is a right given to a few. He saw society as a conglomeration of individuals organized into different classes â€Å"according to the value of their role in providing some component part of the common good† (Kemerling, n.d.). In this set-up, it is the person’s social class which determines whether he should be educated or not. Plato thought that the philosopher-class should have the right to receive education because â€Å"it is the philosopher above all others who excels at investigating serious questions about human life and at judging what is true and best† (n.d.). Dillon (2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic) also added:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦those fit for a guardians education must by nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong.† The guardians must be lovers of learning like noble puppies who determine what is familiar and foreign by knowledge and ignorance† (Dillon, 2004). The problem with this kind of set-up is that only a few are permitted to improve themselves while the rest of the world is forced to fulfill the roles that society has imposed upon them. Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Kemerling (n.d.) explained the importance of the future role of philosophers: â€Å"Thus, despite prevalent public skepticism about philosophers, it is to them that an ideal society must turn for the wisdom to conduct its affairs properly. But philosophers are made, not born. So we need to examine the program of education by means of which Plato supposed that the future philosopher-kings can acquire the knowledge necessary for their function as decision-makers for the society as a whole† (Kemerling, n.d.) Plato viewed the development of the individual as serving an autocratic social usefulness as far as education is concerned (although most believe that Plato advocated democratic principles in his theory of education). Education for the popular mass was never Plato’s ideology. He advocated educational reforms intended only for the philosopher and the warrior class. â€Å"Plato believed that the interests of the state are best preserved if children are raised and educated by the society as a whole, rather than by their biological parents† (Kemerling, n.d). The true essence of self-actualization, therefore, was just a privilege given to this ruling class because of their access to education.   It did not have any self-serving interests even if self-development was an initial pre-requisite for the success Plato’s ideal state. Education is solely for the purpose of the good of the Republic. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (1995) stated:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"They will govern with a view to maximizing the happiness of the state as a whole, but Plato thinks that the way to achieve this is to impose a strict censorship to prevent wrong ideas being expressed, to ensure that each person sticks to his Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato own allotted job, so that he does not meddle with affairs that are not his concern, and so on. Plato was firmly against democracy, and seems to have seen no connection between happiness and individual liberty† (Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995). But as much as education serves a state function, it cannot completely detach itself from its secondary aims of self-development. According to Scolnicov (n.d) in his paper Plato on Education as the Development of Reason, â€Å"the ultimate educational objective, then, is to bring about a revolution in the educands perception of the role of reason† (Scolnicov, n.d).   He continued, â€Å"Platos theory of education aims at specifying the conditions of the growth of the socratic man, whose soul is free from contradictions and whose excellence is justified knowledge† (n.d). For Plato, man’s rationality can be shaped through an educational curriculum that teaches these specific subjects: music, story-telling and gymnastics. Musical education should be started in childhood because it is an age where children are still ‘pliable.’ There should be censorship in the telling of tales because children still do not possess the quality to discern what is good and bad.   It is Plato’s view that children have no moral nature when they are born, but education will instill in them virtues of courage, moderation and justice that will help them seek the nature of good. â€Å"Through the telling of carefully crafted tales, mothers and nurses will shape their childrens souls (Dillon, 2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic). Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato The narrative style of tales is the second part of the ‘philosophical education.’   Imitation or Mimetic poetry is only acceptable if the individual will imitate virtues that were taught to them in childhood. Crafting of tales are important â€Å"because they are the most effective method of educating guardian’ souls† (Dillon, 2004). Here, one can see that rationality does not only pertain to reason (of the mind) but also of the soul. Gymnastic education, on the other hand, affirms the symbiotic relationship between the mind, the body and the soul: all the components that lead to the total development of the individual. For Plato, â€Å"that a good soul produces a good body, and that a healthy intellect ensures a healthy body† (Dillon, 2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic). One component missing will ultimately result in the demise of the other. Dillon   (2004) stated: â€Å"Although music is the most important component in the guardians education, equilibrium between music and gymnastics is important for the production of moral guardians. Because a solely gymnastic education causes savagery and a purely musical education causes softness, the two must be balanced† (Dillon, 2004). The educational requirements of learning music, story-telling and gymnastics would determine who will ultimately become the guardians of society. Those who are able to possess the nature of good throughout the educational process will win over those who â€Å"will rebel against the city’s ideology† (Dillon, 2004). Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato References Cornford, F. (translator) (1945). The Republic of Plato. London: Oxford University Press. Dillon, A. (2004). Education in Plato’s Republic. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/dillon/education_plato_republic.html Honderich, T (ed.) (1995). Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press. Kemerling, G. (n.d.). Plato: Education and the Value of Justice: Plato Life and Works. Retrieved December, 25, 2007 from http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2h.htm. Tulio, D. (2005). Historical, Philosophical, Legal and Technological Foundations of Education II. Manila: National Bookstore Publication. Scolnicov, S. (n.d.). Plato on Education as the Development of Reason. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciScol.htm

Hypothesis and rationale Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis and rationale Essay The research proposal is based on the hypothesis that the current Tactical Personnel System training needs to be more effective and hence a departure from passive slide show system to more interactive system is a necessity. The main aim is that the personnel who have to undergo interactive training will learn and absorb more information than those with comparable amounts of passive TPS training experience. The modification in the system is now being developed with the introduction of hyperstudio. This will be analyzed through a set of tests organized by the researcher with scope of applicable to both control and experimental groups. A new set of TPS training sequences with the hyperstudio will be organized with the fact that practical experience with project based approach with the use of hyperstudio as its rational being the more valuable knowledge again rather than passively acquired knowledge. The memory retention based theme of current learning mediums of slideshow presentations and other media with possible utilization in the training fields has not been good enough to provide any real benefits if performance on the real world makes way. A more intensive, interactive and practical approach based training method has to be adopted so as to promote full use of the TPS system. An instructional system in an improvised format will result in an increase level of proficiency and full utilization of the TPS capabilities. Methodology Participants The population of the study will consist of uniformed soldiers, senior officials and the training staff. The sample population will perform manifesting operations in Fort Hood, Texas, which is the largest military installation in the world, and currently home of two divisions of approximately 16,000 soldiers each. One support command of 12,000 soldiers, and numerous reserves with joint argumentation that makes it one of the most deployable military assets in the United States inventory. Setting The research will take place in the participants’ current work location. No artificial environment or classroom setup will be provided due to the widely dispersed locations and issues of logistical support. Procedure The goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the new set of training exercises compared to the current TPS training program. Initially, a simple random sample of 100 uniformed soldiers who have all had full TPS field experience will be given a baseline test organized by the researcher. The results will be compiled for later comparison with the research results, and those initially tested will no longer take part in the study. Then, two groups of 100 uniformed soldiers each (obtained through simple random sampling), all with previous TPS training, will be selected. A copy of the TPS users manual, test sheets, questionnaire, and the new set of additional TPS interactive training exercises will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group, and a copy of the standard set of TPS training exercises, users manual, test sheets, and questionnaire will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group. They will undergo a preliminary test to determine their current knowledge, and then they will be instructed to go through the exercises and then answer the test that immediately follows. Participants will be asked to volunteer for a one-on-one interview that will identify their concerns with the training, and also recommendations on how to improve the training. Finally, they will all be directed to complete a questionnaire that will address their overall impression of the material. Research Design The sample for this study will be selected from military personnel through simple random sampling. The variables that might affect the research are training intensity, computer literacy, personal military background, and age. Since all members of the sample groups have individual access to computers and email, the material and instructions for the study will be sent by e-mail. They will be required to complete a preliminary test and then independently go through the new exercises (if in the experimental group) or through the TPS user refresher slideshow presentation (if in the control group), and then complete the second test. A viable mode of administering the interactive training and tests may be through the use of a Macromedia ® Flash interactive presentation in a web browser. The second test and the questionnaire can be included and come right after the training, thus minimizing the possibility of cheating. Questionnaires are one of the most popular ways in which data may be collected. These are used for a range of purposes and will often be the tool used to collect quantitative data. But it is worth mentioning that although this may be classified as mostly a quantitative process of collecting data it may also be a qualitative method, depending on the number, depth and style of the questions. Data will also be collected using questionnaires, surveys, and interviews given to participants that agree in advance. Prior coordination with the individual’s supervisor will be arranged, as they will be able to promote timely collection and also minimize non-responses. To protect the identity of the individual and foster sincere responses, all questionnaires will be marked with a Letter P and a number to identify the passively-trained sample and a letter A with a number to identify the field-trained sample. A predetermined set of questions will be answered using the Likert Scale and measured using t-test for independent sample. All completed surveys and questionnaires will be collected from location on a pre-determined date. Quantitative research over here has relied more on the large amount of results, with the recorded data being mainly numerical in type and has been suitably used as a method of determining cause and effect relationships (Curwin and Slater, 2001). But this qualitative research is narrower and more concentrated by looking to information to be gained in-depth from a smaller quantity of subjects (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the data over here require phenomenal research of Grounded theory as well as historical research hence this Qualitative research is best suited for getting applied (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the research undertaken over here has been basically done on analysing how the use of Hyperstudio can effect change in the pattern of TPS training, the study of the same is going add something to the existing knowledge. Therefore, we must consider the different aspects of research that will characterise a research project as valid; these may include issues such as reliability, validity, objectivity, causality and bias. These may be seen in the questions that are asked, the way they are asked through phrasing and order, and in questions that are not asked. Therefore the questionnaire has been designed while considering the full possibility of getting certain answers, but in what type of answers are attained and to be seen as impartial. There are different aspects that need to be considered so that it will be accepted and good solid research. The formulation of a questionnaire may be inherently biased and reflect the desired out come rather than an objective research method. Reliability may be perceived as one of the easier objectives. This is often seen as the ability of the same study to be conducted and the results to prove the same, however repeatability does it mean that a research project is valid and can be relied upon (Denzin, 1978). We have considered other aspects of the research rather that just reliability in order to make the project valid. Reliability must also come from the level of confidence that may be seen in a study from the objectivity or recognised subjectivity which may be seen to arise. The project have been undertaken from a subjective perspective and those asking the questions if a face to face method is used, do not known the study purpose. The first stage to recognise that subjectivity is present and then recognised in order to overcome. If we set out to prove a model is true it is easy for the research to be biased, just as if we are looking for specific information other aspects may be ignored or forgotten. As such although the researcher may be biased there are certain measures that can be taken to ensure the research model used can be seen to have been implemented objectively. In designing the questionnaire it is likely that there will be others involved either by way of observation or the correlation of the data. When designing the research questions, there should be no indication of the final purpose of the study, in this way we might limit the bias of the respondents and ensure there is a lower risk of the cross contamination of bias (Denzin, 1978). However, it must also be recognised that we can never completely extinguish research bias. Data Analysis When looking at the way a sample should be chosen there will be the desire to choose a sample that is representative of the personnels that is going to be targeted. If the population is not representative then the results will not be representative. The way in which we need to consider the target is to look at the way sampling will be used. In this scale we need to talk to people who are either getting training or have been trained or are providing instructions while training. The first aspect is whether probability or non-probability sampling should be used. Probability sampling is a more random sampling style, the basis of this is that the selection of each respondent is a matter of chance and that all respondents will have an equal chance of being chosen, in many cases this can be a known probably of the respondent being selected. There are a number of sampling techniques that fall into this category. These include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified and cluster sampling. In total there are more than 30 probability sampling techniques (Malhotra, 1999). Random sampling is best defined as a sampling method was any member of the population will not have a zero chance of selection where the chances can be calculated. Looking at these different methods, simple random sampling is the most basic. This is where all members shave the same chance of being chosen and where the knowledge of another population member being chosen for sampling will not alter the odds. A method of undertaking this is choosing names out of a hat or any other random method. Stratified sampling is where the population of the sample is separated into distinct groups which do not overlap; this is where stratification is seen. There will then be samples taken from each of these groups. For example, this may be a sample that is divided into male and females, likewise we may look at those who can and do use the internet and those who do not. There may also be the use of age groups, they key is no overlaps between the groups. The next potential method may be multistage sampling. This may consist of two, three or more stages in the sampling. The process will start with the division of the population into non-overlapping groups as seen with the stratified sampling. However this is only the first stage, following this a sample of the first stage units will be chosen according to different criteria. We can also look at non probability sampling techniques as these will have a level of intervention to ensure the sample is representative. The most common is quota sampling, but this will also include judgement sampling, convenience sampling, random route sampling and snowball sampling (Talmage 1988). Quota sampling is exactly as it appears to sound, there are the definition of quotas to be used. In many cases these will consist of gender, age groups and social class quotas, which may or may not have crossovers. This is used widely in commercial settings but this is also a method that is not supported as widely in academic circles (Ojeda and Sahai, 2002). Opportunity sampling is where an opportunity is sought to interview or gain the opinions of a particular group and will then place themselves or the survey in the position of those who may be most appropriate for that study (Talmage 1988). Random route sampling where is there is a route planned and the interviewer may travel that route to gather data and hopefully meet potential subjects. This is a very random method of sampling and is also difficult to gain the correct numbers where there is quantitative data required. Snowball sampling is a method that can be used when there is a scenario of a large level of data being required in a short period of time (Talmage 1988). This may be used with a few key people being approached and interviewed which will then lead to more potential candidates being identified (Talmage 1988). Self section is also a non random type of sampling as the respondents will volunteer themselves and a last type we may consider is that of plausibility sampling which is defined by Talmage (1988) as â€Å"a sample selected because it appears plausible that the members are representative of a wider population, without any real evidence† (page 82). With each of these methods there are advantages and disadvantages, we need to consider which is going to be most appropriate considering the population required and the sample and the sampling method. Looking at all of these it appears that the most appropriate method will be that snowballing, it is not the fastest but it is likely to provide the best results in identifying potential respondents for the research. The mean is the measure of average performance of a group on a measure of some variable (Gay Airasian, 2003). Data analysis is meant to calculate the mean between variables by finding relations among the variables. Initial data analysis will begin with the comparison of the test results from the control and experimental groups. All survey, questionnaire, and interview data will be collected, converted to values and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the control and experimental groups will then also be compared with the results from the baseline test. After this, the results will be analyzed to test the hypothesis through a classification system for each value. The demographic variables such as gender, age, and education will be grouped under one category, while questions related to the hypothesis will be grouped in another useful category. The numeric values will be evaluated using the t-test, which assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. Results from participants will be analyzed by thorough examination of the survey, questionnaires, and interviews. The mean analysis comparison will determine changes on the responses from the initial baseline survey to the second and final survey. The questionnaire data will be used to analyze the effectiveness of the current mediums of the TPS. Results from the statistical data will indicate the consistency of the training effectiveness for participants overall. It will also identify the program’s current shortfalls on its training objectives. The hypothesis will be accepted only if the experimental group scores higher in the final tests and the difference in their scores are statistically significant (5% or higher in this case). References Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston. Benware, C. A. Deci, E. A. (1984). Quality learning with an active versus passive motivational set. American Educational Research Journal. 21(4), 755-765. Biggs, J. (1999). Assessing for learning: some dimensions underlying new approaches to educational assessment. The Alberta Educational Research, 4(1), 1-17. Bransford, J. D. , Brown, A. L. , Cocking, R. R. (Eds. ). (2000). How people learn: Brain, min,d experience, and school: Expanded Edtion. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Curwin J, Slater R (2001), Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions, London, Thompson Business Press. Darlington, Y. , Scott, D. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Stories from the field. Buckingham: Open University Press. Delaney, J. T. , Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. Denzin N K. (1978), The Research Act, New York: McGraw-Hill Dick, W. , Carey, L. , Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematic design of instruction. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Dochy, F. , Seger, M. , Buehl, M. (1999). The relation between assessment and practice and outcomes of strategies: The case of recognition of prior knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 69(2), 145. Gay, G. , Mazur, J.(1993). The utility of computer tracking tools for user centered design. Educational Technology, 33(4), 45-59. Gay, L. , Airasian, P. (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (7th ed. ). New York: Prentice Hall. Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York: Palgraves Macmillan. Goldman, I. (1999). Q methodolgy as process and context in interpretivism, communication and psychoanalytic psychotherapy research. The Psychological Record, 49(4), 589. Green, P. J. (2003). Peer instruction for astronomy. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Heinich, R. , Molenda, M. ,Russell, J. , Smaldino, S. (2002). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Columbus: MerrillPrentice Hall. Jih, H. J. , Reeves, T. C. (1992). Mental models: A research focus for interactive learning systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(3), 39-53. Jones, I. (1997). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods in sports fan research [Electronic version]. The Qualitative Report, 3(4). Kirshner, P. A. (2006). (Inter)dependent learning: Learning is interaction. Den Haag: CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Malhotra N K, (1999), Marketing Research. An Applied Orientation, (International Edition), London, Prentice Hall. Merchant, B. , Willis, A. (2001). Multiple and Intersecting Identities in Qualitative Research. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ojeda, Mario Miguel; Sahai, Hardeo, (2002, Nov-Dec), Design-based Sample and Probability Law-Assumed Sample: Their Role in Scientific Investigation, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, v33 n6 p819-28 Orr, T. (2002). Set the right tone. Writing 25(3), 20-22. Partnership for 21st century Skill (2006) Learning for the 21st Century. A report and Mile Guide for 21st Century Rhodes, D. M. (1993). The assessment of teaching in higher education: A critical retrospect and a proposal. Originally published in Higher Education, 4, 173-199. Retrieved Octoober 31, 2006, from http://west. bradley. edu/TroupISU/Dent/drhodes_web/secure/docs/primary/ jorhruat. pdf Rothkopf,E. Z. (1970). The concept of mathemagenic activities. Review of Educational Research, 40, 325-336. Salas, E. , Teachout, M. S. (1997). Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Slater, T. , Adam, J. (2003). Learner-centered astronomy teaching: Strategies for teaching Astro 101. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Talmage PA, (1988), Dictionary of Market Research, London, MRS/ISBA U. S. Department of the Army. (2004). Personnel processing (Army Reg 600-8-101, Army Reg 350-9). U. S. Department of the Army. (2005). Department of defense dictionary of military and associated terms amendment (Joint Pub 1-02. ). Veal, A. J. (2000). Business research methods: A managerial approach. Sydney: Addison-Wesley-Longman.

Gender Analysis of Sports Presenters

Gender Analysis of Sports Presenters CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION The mindset of public towards the gender roles in sports Based on the findings in Chapter 4, the mindset of public in Kuala Lumpur towards the gender roles in sports is more open-minded in general. This means that the public in Kuala Lumpur believed that sports are not only males’ roles but it could be belonged to females too. However, there is only Gunther et al.’s (2011) study to support that the mindset of the public towards gender roles in sports is generally open-minded. From the findings, it is shown that the mindset of public disagreed that females are less knowledgeable and less competitive in sports as compare to males. This is supported by the study of Gunther et al. (2011), whereby the results shown that the public do not agree that females are less knowledgeable than males in sports. However, the findings of this study is contrasted by the study by Short (2012), in which it was mentioned that female sports broadcasters were seen as less competent and less knowledgeable in sports which showed contrast with the results of this study. In an interview, Kremer (2011) also mentioned that public often criticized that women do not know about sports, which also contradicted with the findings of this study. Although the mindset of public in Kuala Lumpur is open-minded, they believed males are the dominants and males are stronger in sports. This is supported by the outcome in the study of Centre for Gender Equality in Iceland (2006), which has clearly stated that sports have practically predominated by males or to say the attention is traditionally focused on males. Besides, the public in Kuala Lumpur also agreed that females show less interest in sports as compared to males. It is supported by the statement in Shine’s (2013) article where women are perceived as not interested and do not have the skills in sports. This could be because gender discrimination in sports has not been eliminated, which caused females not reaching a certain status in the public’s eye. In sum, the knowledge and the competency level of females in sports are not criticized in terms of their sex; however, males are still perceived as stronger and the dominants in sports. The reasons of males dominate in sports profession As the public perceived males are the dominants in sports profession, some reasons have been find out in this research. Based on the findings in this research, the reason of males dominates in sports profession is highly because males are biologically stronger than females. This is supported by the study conducted by Paulas (2013) where males are biologically stronger because of the structure of their body which differs from women. The research by Centre for Gender Equality in Iceland (2006) stated that biological nature is part of the consideration for males and females in participating sports. As sports emphasize a lot on physical strengths, females might be physically incompetent to participate in some sports because they are weak in strength. Toro and Sargent (2013) also concluded that males have the muscularity and superiority in sports because they run faster and jump faster than females. Males are overall more superior in sports. The public in Kuala Lumpur think that traditional gender roles are another major reason which leads to domination of males in sports profession. McMahon (2011) had given a statement that the nature of sports is masculine which is hardly related to feminine. Thus, this could be the reason that the public in Kuala Lumpur perceived sports as males’ gender roles. According to the research by Centre for Gender Equality in Iceland (2006), males have traditionally practiced to predominant in sports while females are not. In contrast, the public in Kuala Lumpur showed very slightly disagreed-to-neutral that sports show masculinity is the reason of males dominate in sports profession. According to Wilde’s study in 2007, sports are traditionally associated with males, masculinity and mainly dominated by the males. In the eyes of the public in Kuala Lumpur, sports maybe show masculinity, but that is not really a reason of why males dominate in sports profession. Moreover, the public in Kuala Lumpur does not perceive males as more superior in sports. In other words, both females and males are equal in sports. In the study of Paulas (2013), an argument has been raised up by saying that men are better than women in playing sports, which relates to the inherent biological features. However, females can be as skillful as males do because one’s skillfulness is related to how much instruction has taught to one in playing sports. In Grahame’s (2012) article also mentioned that, the biological differences in males’ body have made them more superior in most of the sports which differs from the opinion of the public in Kuala Lumpur. Besides, the public in Kuala Lumpur disagreed that the reason of males dominating in sports profession is because females are discourage to play sports. It is supported by Swanson (2009) where more females are encouraged to play sports after the enactment of Title IX in 1972 as compared to the past. 2012 Olympic Games, the women athletes have almost equal number as men and the ratio for athletes now is 50:50 male-female ratios (Gee, 2013). As Olympic Games is a worldwide sports, this could mean that females nowadays are encouraged to play sports universally. Furthermore, sports are not mainly designed for males in the view of the public in Kuala Lumpur. However, in the study by Paulas (2013), he found out that sports were designed for men at the first place. Sports such as basketball, football and baseball were created during the era where women were expected to stay in the kitchen and take care of the family. Sports were designed particularly based on males’ strengths and advantages where females can hardly beat males. As for most, the public in Kuala Lumpur do not believe that females are not competent in sports is the reason which caused males dominate in sports profession. Baiocchi-Wagner and Behm-Morawitz (2010) cited in their study that the public might be wrongly accused that females are less competent than males because males are better in playing sports. Also, Short (2012) also mentioned that women were seen as weak and less competent as compare to men which is not proven to be the truth. As nowadays more and more females started to step into sports profession, in which has proven that they are competent to compete with males in sports. Based on the open-ended data provided, the public perceived males are the dominant in sports because it is men’s interest. They are more passionate, enthusiast and willing to contribute their time in playing sports. In contrast, females do not like sports because they do not like to be exposed to the sun and sports are dirty and sweaty for them. In previous studies, it is shown that males show higher interest in participating, watching, and excelling in sports (Deaner et al., 2012). It concludes that males are more motivated to involve sports related activities which lead to the dominance of males in sports. An interesting reason that is concluded in the findings of this research is social and media influence. The preference of the social and media plays an important role in influencing the dominance of males in sports profession. The media coverage is more likely to focus on men’s sports than women’s sports. According to the study by Centre for Gender Equality in Iceland (2006), women’s sports are often treated as less important than men’s sports in media coverage. As a result, the public is able to be exposed to men’s sports more than women’s sports and to see males in sports has become a social expectation. In the study by Deaner et al. (2012) it was stated that sports interest is influenced by the societal gender roles, peers pressure, parents and so on. Thus, males will be more interested in participating sports while females have the social pressure to eschew sports. In the opinion of the public in Kuala Lumpur, education and parents’ influence also could be a reason of why males dominate in sports profession. As in the report by Garner (2012) stated that girls were being put off in Physical Education (PE) lesson because they have negative experience in participating PE such as being labeled as tomboy or unfeminine. Wetton et al. (2013) mentioned that the schools that favored boys’ sports activities have discourage girls’ attendance in participating sports. Other than that, parents do hold an important role in encouraging their children to involve in sports (Quinton, 2013). In the study by Wetton et al. (2013), the family background of the children and stereotypical view of parents do influenced children’s decision to not take part in sports. As the traditional mindset of gender roles in sports, parents might be more supportive for their sons to participate in sports but not for their daughters. Thus, there are more ma les involving themselves in sports than females due to the education and parents’ influence, in which has caused the dominance of males in sports profession. The level of opportunity of females to become sports broadcasters As concluded from the total scores of the level of opportunity for females to become sports broadcasters, the public in Kuala Lumpur believed that females have slightly high opportunity to become sports broadcasters. This has supported by Shine (2013) by saying that some organizations have started to hire talented female sports broadcasters because females can bring aspiring changes in sports broadcasting field. The public in Kuala Lumpur think that the opportunity is now given to females and females should be given equal opportunity to become sports broadcasters as males do. However, in the studies of Gunther et al. (2011) and Short (2012) showed that there are still inequalities in sports broadcasting field and this industry is lagging in creating equal opportunities for both males and females in becoming sports broadcasters. Although both of these studies are carried out in United States and England, but the public in Kuala Lumpur might be influenced by these leading countries. Besides, from the findings, it is shown that the public in Kuala Lumpur agreed that the opportunity for females on becoming sports broadcasters should be based on qualifications and skills rather than physical appearance. However, in the study of Gunther et al. (2011) found out that many stations are hiring attractive women regardless of their qualifications and skills just simply to retain their broadcasting license. The public acceptance of female sports broadcasters Moreover, this study has found out that the level of public acceptance of female sports broadcasters in Kuala Lumpur is high. The public did not particularly favored female or male sports broadcasters because they believed professionalism and knowledge of a sports broadcaster are important than one’s gender. Even for those major sports or male-dominated sports such as basketball and football, they do not think that only male sports broadcasters are good in reporting it. However, it is not supported by Shine (2013), where stated in her research that even though females are knowledgeable in male-dominated sports, the public will perceive females as do not have the skills to cover male-dominated sports. As in the study by Baiocchi-Wagner and Behm-Morawitz (2010) stated that women need to prove themselves twice to the public that they are worth as sports broadcasters. This has reflected that the acceptance of female in sports broadcasting field is very low. Many of the researchers have found out that the acceptance of female sports broadcasters were remaining low which contradict with this study. According to Futterman (2011), it has taken a long time for female sports broadcasters to be only partially accepted by the public. As long as gender discrimination and harassment still occurred, the acceptance of female in sports broadcasting will still low (Ebel, 2012). As time goes by, the difficulties or barriers for females have reduced, but the perception of the public on female sports broadcasters is stubbornly unchanged (Starphoenix, 2008).

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homosexuals Should be Allowed Same-Sex Marriage :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Free Argumentative Essays - Homosexuals Should be Allowed to Marry A gay California man, whose partner died in the September 11 terrorist attacks has become "legally vulnerable in ways (he) could never imagine"(Urges 1). Keith Brodowski lost his life partner, Jeff Coleman, to American Airlines flight 11, which was the first plane to hit the World Trade Center. Coleman was a flight attendant. Brodowski is now battling the state and the nation for survivors' benefits, granted to the widows of those who died. It took the powerful words of Brodowski's testimony to move legislation to grant partial inheritance rights for registered domestic partners in California(Lambda 1). Married couples had to go through nothing of this caliper for their benefits. Marcye and Karen Nicholson-McFadden have a child. When the baby was born, they faced a hospital full of staff who refused to acknowledge them as a couple. Now, two years later, they are expecting another child and do not want to face the same trials again. Marital rights would protect their children, their jointly owned business, and their hospital care. Marcye asks "How do we let our children know that our family is as valuable as traditional families even though the government doesn't think so?"(Staiton 1). These are only two examples of troubles facing homosexuals today. In a survey conducted by Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples, over fifty percent of lesbians and forty percent of gay men had faced problems obtaining employment benefits, lower tax rates, and insurance breaks because civil unions are not recognized as a legal marriage. Other discriminations included employment, housing, hotels, hospital visitation, adoption, and many more. (Partners 3) These problems could have been eliminated if the couple had been legally recognized as married. In their own eyes, 88% of the women and 56% of the men considered themselves married (Partners 7). Their relationships need to be recognized in the eyes of the law! When a married person dies, his or her spouse is considered the next of kin. This A homosexual's surviving partner does not have that right. Even in cases where wills are present, family members have sued for burial rights, property etc.

Lawn Pesticides and Chemicals Essay -- Health Toxic Substances Essays

Lawn Pesticides and Chemicals Recently, the use of lawn pesticides and chemicals has grown enormously with home owners and golf course management in hope of attaining "the perfect turf." However, the negative effects that are associated with attaining ones "dream turf" is primarily caused by the direct use of pesticides and chemicals. The chemical pesticide industry fails to address these issues and has made every effort to keep this information from the public. Herbicides and pesticides are not a natural way to achieve a beautiful lawn, contrary to what lawn care companies would like people to believe. They are broad-spectrum biocides, and by their very nature can harm organisms other than the targeted species (Dieglman, 1996). Pesticide industries make false claims by stating that their chemicals are heavily diluted, failing to mention that toxins are still extremely dangerous in small amounts. Other false claims include companies like ChemLawn which state that a child would have to ingest ten cups of treated grass clippings to equal the toxicity of one aspirin. In fact, the real danger is not from grazing the lawn. Most poisonings come from inhaling pesticide residues or absorbing them through the skin (Begley, 1988). These chemicals include wartime defoliants such as Agent Orange, nerve-gas type pesticides, and artificial hormones (Dieglman, 1996). In some instances, pesticides like DDT, which remain active for many years, accumulate in our bodies and are released at potentially toxic levels. In women, lifetime exposures to such chemicals are released in the breast milk of her firstborn child (International Joint Commission, 1990). Pesticides drift and settle during application where they can easily reach houses and p... ...l and human health risks that outweigh its intended results. Alternative strategies must be developed which will bring about better results on the environment. Long lasting solutions, which require less time, are definitely the best place to start. References N. Diegelman. Poison in the Grass. 1996. Begley, Sharon, and Hager. "Please Don’t Eat the Daises." Newsweek 16 May 1988. International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes. "Selected Persistent Toxic Substances in Human Breast Milk in the Great Lakes Basin." March 1990. American Defender Network. "Lawn Chemical Dangers." 1989. American Cancer Society, Erie County Branch. "Warning: The Use of Pesticides May Be Hazardous To Your Health." 1991. G. Davidson. "Pesticides: The Killing Fields." Woman’s Day. 1994. N. Polk. "The Perfect Lawn Isn’t Always Green." The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1990.

Babe Ruth Essay -- Biography Biographies

Babe Ruth Baseball player. Born George Herman Ruth, Jr., on February 6, 1895, in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the first of eight children born to Kate and George Herman Ruth, Sr. Most of the Ruth children died in infancy and only George Jr. and his sister Mamie survived to maturity. Little George, as he was called, grew up in a poor waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore, where he lived above the family saloon. In 1902, the Ruth’s sent their son away to St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys, which was both a reformatory and an orphanage. Ruth developed a love for sports, particularly baseball, which served as his escape from the strict environment at St Mary’s. From an early age he showed potential as an athlete, and in his late teens he had developed into a professional candidate. His tough southpaw pitching attracted Jack Dunn, manager of the minor league Baltimore Orioles. In 1914, the Orioles signed Ruth to his first professional baseball contract. He became the team’s youngest member, and was befittingly nicknamed â€Å"Babe.† Within five months, 19-year-old Ruth graduated to the major leagues, and signed with the Boston Red Sox. He remained with the team for six seasons, alternating positions as pitcher and outfielder. With his great pitching, powerful bat, and winning personality, he was quickly on his way to greatness, overshadowing players like Ty Cobb and Honus Wagner. After a controversy revealed that the Chicago White Sox conspired to throw the 1919 World Series, the sport of baseball was in need of a hero. The scandal had shaken the public’s faith in the game. However, in 1919, while still a part-time pitcher for the Red Sox, Ruth made his home-run assault on the record books. His 25th home run that year shattered the modern major league record held by the now forgotten Gabby Kraveth. By the end of the year, Ruth’s record was an unprecedented 29 home runs, and he was credited with reviving faith in the game. In December of 1919, the Boston Red Sox sold the invaluable player to New York Yankee owner Colonel Jacob Ruppert. Ruppert bought Ruth’s contract for over $100,000, which was a staggering price at the time. In 1920, Ruth joined the Yankees, who as yet had never won a pennant. For years they played in the shadow of the New York Giants. Without a baseball park to call their own, the Yankees were forced to hold their games at the G... ...ue team. Ruth was diagnosed with cancer in 1946. Although the extent of his illness was kept from him, he knew that his time was limited. He spent the remainder of his life making countless visits to children’s hospitals and orphanages. In 1948, Ruth made his final appearance at Yankee Stadium, celebrating the 25th anniversary of â€Å"The House that Ruth Built.† His number was retired, and April 27th was declared â€Å"Babe Ruth Day.† On August 16, 1948, Ruth died at the age of 53. At the time of his death, he held 54 major league records, including most years leading a league in home runs (12), most total bases in a season (457), and highest slugging percentage for a season (.847). While with the Red Sox, Ruth married 18-year-old waitress Helen Woodford, whom he had known less than three months. In 1929, Ruth’s wife died in a fire. At the time, they had been separated for three years. Her tragic death allowed him to marry Claire Hodgson, a former model and actress. With Claire’s daughter from a previous marriage and Ruth’s adopted daughter (with Woodford), they became an immediate family. Ruth and Hodgson remained together until Ruth’s death. Bibliography: biography.com

Higher education Essay

†¢Assignment # 2 – Comprehensive Case: â€Å"Muffler Magic† Read the â€Å"Muffler Magic† case and write a four-to-five (4-5) page report that answers the following: 1. Specify three (3) recommendations about the functions of recruiting, selection, and training that you think Ron Brown should be addressing with his HR manager now. Currently you’re allowing your HR to hire employees without â€Å"carefully screening each and every candidate, checking their references and work ethic† due to such a high demand of staff. Envitably, you’re higher mediocre applicants for more than mediocre pay and at the risk of your name and overall profitability. Being able to answer minimal questions shouldn’t be enough to be hired as a technician and questions such as â€Å"what do you think the problem is if a 2001 Camery is overheating? What would you do? † should not be enough to secure a position within the company. Muffler Magic offers a range of products and services and engine issues is merely one of the many situations an employee may come across. How do these types of generic questions answer if your applicant is able to fulfill the requirements for â€Å"muffler replacements, oil changes, and brake jobs†? Obviously, from looking at the handful of situational mishaps you’ve described your HR department is merely hiring whoever walks into the office and in return you’re given inaccurate and potentially life threatening break jobs and repairs out of the companies pocket. This is not acceptable and it is no wonder why the company isn’t profiting. One of the reasons behinds why you don’t necessarily want to adapt or change some crucial points within the company is the money. If you broke down one instance where there was an error made by one of your associates, take the engine for instance a new engine can cost any consumer somewhere in the ballpark of $2,000 to $4,000*–not including the benefits or any extra perks. Now lets say that one of these errors happened in every single store then you’re looking at $50,000+ worth of mistakes coming out of Magic Mufflers pocket (keep in mind that estimated figure is from 1 mistake). With that type of money, I would imagine you could hire and appropriately train quite a few applicants that would be worth your time and money. I would recommend changing your recruiting, selecting and training standards immediately. Starting with the recruiting aspect of Magic Muffler. Instead of allowing the applicants come  to you, why don’t we go above and beyond and seek the preferred applicant. We can still advertise through local newspapers and internet, but we really should be seeking out those employees that have some kind of responsibility and potential retainability. The one major thing I didn’t see in the recruiting process you’re currently using is zoning in on what type of candidate are you looking for–in terms of education level and experience level based upon the types of work they will be working on. One of the huge factors to remember is â€Å"Presently, vehicles use high-tech computers and complex electronic systems to monitor the performance of the vehicle. A strong sense of understanding concerning the operation of a vehicle, including how each device interacts, as well as the ability to deal with electronic diagnostic equipment and digital reference manuals is key to the success of a technician†(http://www. careeroverview. com/auto-mechanic-careers. html) Therefore, Magic Muffler is in need of a qualified individual that is capable of working with UTD automotive machinery and possible situations that could arise. Therefore Magic Muffler should be spending their money recruiting individuals that â€Å"have successfully completed a vocational training program in automotive service technology†(ie:Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES)). For a more advanced position they will need ,in addition to vocational training, stoma kind of â€Å"Postsecondary automotive technician training† whether through a prior company, community college or technical college. Finally other â€Å"qualifications you should be focused on while recruiting is â€Å"the ability to diagnose the source of a problem quickly and accurately, good reasoning ability and a thorough knowledge of automobiles, strong communication and analytical skills and good reading, mathematics, and computer skills to study technical manuals† with the drive to continuously keep up with new technology and learn new service and repair procedures and specifications. † To find these types of applicants I would recommend some type of college recruiting; starting with on campus recruiting and then continuing the recuriting process with an onsite visit. Continuing with the selection process, I think its quite obvious that we should be focusing on a Personality Profile Analysis, which applicants can perform online and follow this up with a PPA(200 HRM BOOK). If you chose not to go that route you can always focus on tests of cognitive abilities (more specifically aptitude testing and motor/physical abilities). If these test’s pan out then we should go forward with a background check/reference check. This may seem to be an overwhelming process, but finding the perfect candidates is essential to low turnover rates and high satisfaction level across the board. The next step is to select the applicants that you are satisfied with their performance on the tests, interview and background check. After applicants are chosen and hired, we need to start with an orientation of the company and its overall goals and next is training. Although OTJ training does offer a lot to the employee it is not enough for these types of positions. Considering car technology is constantly advancing there needs to a need to continuously further your mechanics knowledge. As a responsible employer you should send your â€Å"experienced automotive service technicians to manufacturer training centers to learn to repair new models or to receive special training in the repair of components, such as electronic fuel injection or air-conditioners† and even beginner mechanics who show potential may be sent â€Å"to manufacturer-sponsored technician training programs to upgrade or maintain employees’ skills†. There are of course crucial training necessary, which cannot be offered OTJ and that is electronics training. This is vital because electrical components, or a series of related components, account for nearly all malfunctions in modern vehicles†. As the employee continues to thrive the company should offer additional training for possible certifications or advancement opportunities. For example: the â€Å"ASE certification has become a standard credential for automotive service technicians. While not mandatory for work in automotive service, certification is common for all experienced technicians in large, urban areas. Certification is available in eight different areas of automotive service, such as electrical systems, engine repair, brake systems, suspension and steering, and heating and air-conditioning. For certification in each area, technicians must have at least 2 years of experience and pass the examination. Completion of an automotive training program in high school, vocational or trade school, or community or junior college may be substituted for 1 year of experience. For ASE certification as a Master Automobile Technician, technicians must pass all eight examinations†. *http://www. ehow. com/facts_4830630_cost-car-engine-replacement. html 2. Write three (3) questions for a structured interview form that Ron Brown’s service center managers can use to interview experienced technicians. (Note: do not list possible answers. ) As I had said previously asking generic questions are not going to offer you the results in which most employers desire. There are a couple of things that should be kept in mind when creating these questions such as; which type of questions would be more effective in displaying the qualities Muffler Magic desires? Considering HR already has a lot to do with the hiring process, I think the appropriate form of interview would be a structured situational interview. After analyzing the positions and rating the jobs main duties, we would need to create questions reflecting such duties and daily knowledge to perform them. Three questions I would use to â€Å"test the waters† would be: What training(classroom or on the job), have you had with engine, transmission or brake diagnostic equipment? Identify the diagnostic program and was it computer and software based? Have you worked with engine, transmission or brake diagnostic equipment – computer and software? What was the diagnostic program and what was your involvement? What experience, knowledge, and skill do you have with air brake systems, anti lock, and heavy-duty truck suspensions? Relate your experience and describe your skills working with school bus, heavy-duty trucks, light duty pick-up truck, and van bodies/Relate your experience and describe your skills working with heavy and medium-duty diesel and gasoline-powered engines and light-duty pick-up truck and van engines. (www. msbo. org/library/HumanRes/Interview/Mech. doc).

Childhood Obesity Essay

entreeObesity is one of the important modify factors to diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, causa 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, depression and several forms of crabby psyche Williams, 2006. Obesity is often established in adolescence, Williams, 2006 examined the effect of child and adolescence high consistency Mass big businessman (BMI) on the fit of being intemperate at 21 and published that 40% of those who were overweight at 21 could be identified by suppurate of 7, a nonher 25% were diagnosable by the sequence they were 15.Genetic, familial, socio economical, psychological, behavioral and environmental factors direct been identified as contributors to change magnitude prevalence of overweight in the population. Of these, genetics is the only factor, which for the time being is not possible to alter a know genetic disposition towards overweight all the similar provides more reason to try to get the hang the factors that fall under human entertain.Pargonn ts have an important role in ensuring that their children undertake good eating and physical exertion habits from the very beginning to prevent fleshiness in their children. Parents have to provide the scathing development phase support, beginning ahead birth and continuing through adolescence. They are the key in ensuring that their children do not develop habits contributing to overweight and obesity. Family meals, match diet, support in getting equal physical work and exercise and a watchful eye to ensure that their children do not acquire sedentary habits pass on result in reduced fortune of overweight in children and adolescents.Unfortunately economic pressures, working parents, broken families and other friendly riddles means that parents female genital organnot exercise the kind of control required to ensure control of the line of work through parental control and guidance. another(prenominal) problem is that children and adolescents spend most of their time away from home, in schools. The role school-based approaches can play in preventing and controlling obesity, accordingly, acquires grand importance. Social scientists, physicians, schoolteachers, administrators, and parents have long acknowledge this role.The role schools have played in contributing to the overweight and obesity problem in school age children and adolescents has been the written report of considerable research. Many researchers have real new school-based approaches and analyzed the effectiveness of the approaches for the bar and control of obesity.Body Mass top executive (BMI)In estimating the overweight and obesity problem, we ideally need to measure the percentage frame fat of the subject however this is an breezy measure. A much more expedient measure of Body mass Index (BMI) is widely used for determining if the person meets the desirable consistency/mass ratio. The remains mass king (BMI) is defined asBMI= (weight/height2)Where weight is measured in kg and height is specified in meters.For self-aggrandizing population, the cut onward point for overweight is taken as 25 kg/m2 epoch people with BMI of 30kg/m2 or over are considered obese. The body mass index among children and adolescents varies significantly with age. Cole et al, 2000 report the result of their research based on international data consisting of 97,876 males and 94,851 females from birth to 25 old age of age from 6 countries including fall in States. They used this statistical data to put over boundary values for children up to 18 years of age.International cut off points for body mass index for overweight and obesity by sex surrounded by 2and 18years Cole, 2000 board (years)Body mass index 25kg/m2Body mass index 30kg/m2MalesFemalesMalesFemales218.418.020.120.1417.617.319.319.1617.617.319.819.7818.418.321.621.61019.819.924.024.11221.221.726.026.71422.623.327.628.61623.924.428.929.41825253030Subgroups at Increased Risk of OverweightSherwood et al, 2004 investi gated the children at increased risk of obesity and describe that while childhood obesity is usher across all demographic and cordial classes however, African American girls were at a higher risk. The data analyses showed that African-American girls of age group 6-11 years of age were near twice more likely to be overweight. In this age group 22.2% of African- American girls were over weight compared 11.6 % white Americans. Among the adolescents (11-19 years age group), 26.6% African-American girls were overweight while 12.4% white girls were considered overweight.Sherwood et al, 2004 believe that AfricanAmerican girls do not face the same kind of social pressure nigh their weight as their white counterparts. contraband American girls face less banish attitudes about overweight and are therefore less likely to be relate about watching their weight Kumanyika et al, 1993. sink Age for Overweight Intervention in SchoolsA 5-year British schools-based research objectify carried out by Wardle et al, 2006 highlighted the need to ass obesity prevention measures to

Police Crisis Management

ABSTRACTThis composing is in the first place directed towards a discussion of constabulary Crisis Management. This head is incumbent and beneficial to the constabulary force governing body in dealing with their operations. Crisis Management refers to a arrangement of court in solving various problems that may jazz in different built in beds. Its major function is to jell a body, group or institution of the possibilities of disaster, calamities and emergencies. Finally, this paper tackles about the significant features of law Crisis Management which hold the stage of visualisening, negotiation, and the development of the crisis precaution.This paper is divided into threesome parts. The first part is the introduction wherein the concept of crisis direction is described and defined. The second part elucidates on the definition and characterization of Police Crisis Management. The third part is dispassionate of the important aspects and facets of Police Crisis Managem ent. The last part presents the polish of the paper.IntroductionCrisis Management is a mechanism employ in dealing with impending crises. Its principal focus is on the planning stage in which an organized functional method is formulated in order to stay the occurrence of circumstance crises. It primary goal is to baffle the incidence of disorder in a specialized playing atomic number 18a rather than facing the problem in an extemporized immediate approach.Crisis Management entails the detection of the crisis itself, the stage of making plans in reaction to the crisis which include proper focussing of dealing and resolving the problem. It is close to likely used in the field of political science, international relations, bank line and management.The principal precepts of Crisis Management atomic number 18 crowd of the most pertinent reading regarding the crises instead of concealing it treating the crisis as quick as possible for prolonging its existence might in an y case increase the risks it poses and the coordination and bear onment of the persons who are responsible for the execution of the crisis management arrangement.Having the above key principles, the guess of crisis management can be carved up into three main phases, namely crisis negotiation, crisis control, and crisis dynamics.Police Crisis ManagementPolice Crisis Management pertains to a systematic method of treating crisis or problems that are primarily directed towards patrol operations. This method aims to check the routine of hitches and predicaments in the field of natural law system. Moreover, its task is non only in the detection of possible problems entirely in any case in addressing these problems systematically and accordingly.In its objective to frame superior countermeasures over the imminent crises in the field of the police system, planning and execution take a very important role in administering the crisis management. With this regard, hackneyed opera ting(a) procedures should be observed by the police system in order to manage the crises responsibly and conscientiously.Important Aspects of Police Crisis ManagementAs stated earlier, necessary stages of crisis management should involve planning on what to do, how to do, what are posited in dealing with a specific crisis. much(prenominal) plays a very important role for it is the stage wherein the crisis management starts. It includes the identification of the existing crisis, the reasons or the causes of its occurrence, the affected aspects and the approximated catamenia of its occurrence if non addressed immediately. Also, it consists of the formulation potent techniques or strategies that can successfully terminate the familiar crisis.Another important aspect of police crisis management is the gathering of the most important and most relevant information regarding the crisis which is primarily focused on the knowledge, skills and attitude that the police system should poss ess in order to follow up the planned strategy in managing a concomitant crisis. For example, in the case of hostage-drama scenario, the police system does not instantly go to the place wherein there is a hostage situation. The police system has this standard operating procedure in which prior to its implementation, a plan of action should be first discussed by the police themselves initiated by the superior police. In such meeting, the policemen are reminded of the dos and donts in dealing with that particular situation.They are also reminded of the consequences and possible threats that they might attack while executing their task of positive the situation. Lastly, as advocates of justice, police system does not permit abomination of power. In which in the case of the given hostage-crisis, the policemen are not instructed to gunshot the hostage-taker at once. Negotiation is the initial mechanism use by the police system in handling such situations. However, in finish up cas es like the hostages are really being by the hostage-taker, the policemen are initiated to do all that they can do to stop the hostage-taker from hurting the hostages which allows them to fire on the hostage-taker (such also applies to other instances such as by-bust operations, face-to-face get word with law-offenders, etc.)In addition, excellent coordination with the whole police system is necessary in the police crisis management. It is noteworthy that the police system is well coordinated from top to bottom and ill-doing versa. The planning stage should be composed of commands and book of instructions from the top superiors, and the discussed-strategy that is done during the emergency meeting of the police. Having this need of coordination means also that outstanding communication among the law-enforcers should be maintained during the crisis management.Time-delay should be avoided. There should be no action from the police system that might break the operation. As cited ear lier, quick reactive response should be the attitude of the police all throughout the crisis management. continuation of such incidents might severe the tension and the situation causing to a greater extent difficulty in controlling the circumstances.Finally, instances of previous cases of crisis management should be recorded and examined so as to aid the police for formulating new tack of crisis management approach. It is also important that the government should co-occurrence and help the police in upholding this crisis management-thing. There should be a rule or law that should check over the police that whatever happens during their attempt to actualize such crisis management, there is a law that would justify their acts and procedures.ConclusionTo conclude, Police Crisis Management is a very important mechanism complete and utilized by the police system in facing calamities and disasters in their field of work. Such mechanism is said to be necessary for it prepares them for the potential crisis that they may experience with regards to their field of work.The roles and the functions of the implementer of such police crisis management is also important for it serves as an sureness that a particular crisis is really being interpreted in hand by the police. Also, knowledge, skills and attitude should also be motivated with regards to the nature of the adversity.The abovementioned important aspects in the Police Crisis Management are just some among the essential factors that are employed in the police crisis management. By following and observing these factors, a well-strategize and more premeditated crisis management can be established by the police in doing their task as law-enforcers.ReferenceDavidson, T. N. (2002). To Preserve Life Hostage-Crisis Management CimacomFink, S. (2000). Crisis Management prep for the Inevitable (Revised ed.) Backinprint.com.Miller, L. (2006). Practical Police Psychology judge Management And Crisis Intervention for Law E nforcement Charles C. Thomas PublisherNadu, T. (2006). Police evolve crisis management plan Electronic Version. The HinduOnline mutation of Indias National Newspaper. Retrieved May 28 2007.